![Page 1: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Professor M. A. RahmanMemorial University of Newfoundland and
St. John’s, NL, Canada A1B 3X5E-mail: [email protected]
![Page 2: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PES 2014
St. John’s (MUN)
![Page 3: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Reasons for electric and hybrid vehicles
![Page 4: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Yaskawa IPM Motor
![Page 5: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Presentation Outline
IntroductionIPM motor technology
DesignStartingOperationApplications
ChallengesCreate variation of d-q axis inductances without varying air gapVary and Control of excitation of permanently excited rotor of IPMOptimum variation of PM torque and reluctance torque in IPM for specific applicationsReduction of cost, weight, size of IPM for specific applicationsIntelligent power converter and inverter for IPM motor drives
![Page 6: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Contents
Requirements for hybrid electric vehiclesHistory of high efficiency permanent magnet motor technology using non-rare earth(ferrites) and rare earth (NdBFe) permanent magnet materialsExample #1 for uses of IPM Technology in compressors for air conditionersExample #2 for uses of IPM Technology in motors/generators for HEVs
![Page 7: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
History of Permanent Magnet Materials
![Page 8: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Gasoline prices
![Page 9: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Energy Diversification
![Page 10: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Environmental and echo logical concerns
![Page 11: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
EV/HEV Growth
![Page 12: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Rare earth material cost has increased. In last 8 years, Nd and Dy prices are 17 and 36 times the price in 2005.
Nd Dy2005 $10/kg $50/kg2010 April $40/kg $270/kg2011 July $500/kg $3000/kg2012 May $170/kg $1800/kglast 8 years 17 36
Rare earth problem
peak
![Page 13: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
IPMSM@2012 cost
IPMSM@2005 cost
Wire(US$) Iron(US$) PM(US$)
Estimated Prius 09 motor material costHEV09 PM756g
PM occupies 64% and 81% in the total material cost in
2005 and 2012.
US$
item US$/ kgWinding 8.75Iron(0.35mm) 3.75Magnet 625
PM cost is $250/kg and
$625/kg in 2005 and 2012,
respectively.
![Page 14: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Motivation of NEDO projects
• Rare-Earth-Free electric motors are strongly demanded for mass production HEVs and EVs.
• NEDO has started rare-earth-free or half-rare earth motor projects since 2008.
• The rare-earth-free motors must have1. Competitive size2. Competitive power density3. Competitive efficiency4. but no rare-earth permanent magnet
with respect to the rare-earth(NdFeB) IPM motors employed in HEVs and EVs. Thus, the targets are very challenging. Rare-earth-free motors are a new generation motor of post NeFeB IPM motors.
![Page 15: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Summary of target specific NEDO projects for rare-earth-free motor
1. Switched reluctance motor(TUS&TIT)target: 2nd generation Prius
4. Ferrite PM axial gap motor with segmented rotor( Hokkaido Univ.)target: 2nd generation Prius
1. Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with stepped gaptarget: 2nd generation Prius 1/10 scale
2. Wound field winding and soft magnetic composite core motortarget: Lexus 400h
![Page 16: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Model Prius’ 03 flux density analysis
SPEEDPC-BDC+FEA
1200r/min, 400 NmSerious magnetic saturation
Max. currentVdc is the maximum.
Max. inverter VA.
Target IPM motor analysis
![Page 17: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
3000r/min、50kW
half of the rated current for 50kW field weakening β=65deg Magnetic saturation is not apparent.
![Page 18: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stator iron
Rotor iron
Rare earth PMs
Cross section of 2nd HEV IPM motor
Torque 400NmPower 50kW
Outer Dia. 269mmAxial length 154mmHigh power and
torque for volume.
2nd IPMSM has thick axial length. About 1kg of NdFeB PM is used. $ 625. Iron and
cupper are only $200.
![Page 19: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Battery Technology
![Page 20: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Reduced Environment Impact : CO2 Footprint of the AGV
![Page 25: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Energy Optimzation : Recovering Braking Energy
Traction
Electric Sub-Station
Braking Energy Feeding
Dissipation
Braking
![Page 26: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
RAILWAY TRACTION MOTOR
![Page 27: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
TGV : a 25 years historyTGV
Paris-Sud estTGV
Atlantique
535535 11301130
DCSynchronousWound rotor
Eurostar
10201020
Induction
AGVAGVHigh speed EMU
720
SynchronousRotor magnets
1981 1989 1994 2004
Equipower kW
15601560 15251525 12601260 720Weight Kg
TypeType
2,92,9 1,351,35 1,231,23 1,001,00Ratio Kg/KWRatio Kg/KW
![Page 28: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The AGV Train
From the TGV
an Articulated train with Concentrated Motorisation
to the AGV
an Articulated train with distributed Motorisation
![Page 29: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Traction motors specificities•Embedded device :•Severe mechanical environment
•Low volume & mass•High power density
•Pollution•Severe thermal environment•High torque at very low speed
•Voltage & current waveforms with high harmonic level (inverters •12 to 20 h/day service
•Guarantied life duration : 30 or 40 years •Safety requirements
![Page 30: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
PM Machines Types
![Page 31: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Requirements for hybrid electric vehicles
• Large torque and higher power density• High torque at low speeds for starting and uphill climb• High power at high cruising speeds• Maximum efficiency over wide speed and torque
ranges• Wide speed range with constant power mode,
exceeding 2- 5 times the base speed• Optimum compromise between motor peak torque and
inverter volt-ampere ratings
![Page 32: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Requirements for hybrid electric vehicles-2
• Short term overload capability, typically twice the ratedtorque over short duration
• Low cogging torque, low ripple and low acoustic noise• Distributed, short- pitched and concentric stator windings.• Optimum stator winding design with lowest THD factors• Rotor design with magnets orientation for optimum d-q
reactances for best reluctance and magnet torques• Reduction of magnetic saturation due to cross-coupling
limits to open circuit voltage and total harmonic contents
![Page 33: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Requirements for hybrid electric vehicles-3
• Low stator copper and low iron losses at highspeed
• High reliability for all operating conditions• Minimum weight and smallest size• Low fuel consumption rate (litre/km)• New ICE engine technology with hybrid
gasoline/diesel• Homogenous charge-compression ignition (HCCI)• Clean, ecologically benign and environmentally
friendly• Minimum vibration, quiet, smooth and
comfortable ride
![Page 34: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Requirements for hybrid electric vehicles-4
• Aesthetically acceptable to customers, aerodynamicdesign for lowest drag at cruising speed
• Better battery power, and self-charging• Smart sensors and interfaces• Least magnet flux leakage and maximum airgap
fluxes• Magnet demagnetization withstand to armature
reaction• Temperature and surface corrosion constraints of
magnets• Effects of shear stress on permeability of PM
materials• Minimum gear and more direct drive
![Page 35: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Requirements for hybrid electric vehicles-5
• Regenerative braking and short charging cycle ofbatteries
• Impulse charging of batteries• Plug-in during off peak periods of daily loading
cycles• No plug-in and hybrid transmission• Quick plug-in charging and minimum gas
generation• PV solar panel body for self-charging of on-board
battery for air conditioners and automobile smartpower system.
• Seamless transfer between engine and electrictraction
![Page 36: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Requirements for hybrid electric vehicles-6
Minimum maintenance, highest reliability and highefficiency
Lowest Co2 gas emission and minimum climatechange.
Rare-earth-free rotor design (switched reluctancemotor) for niche applications considering security ofsupply and high price of rare earth permanentmagnets, etc.
Taxes and duties of smart vehicles at affordableprices
Lowest initial cost and minimum operating costs.
![Page 37: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start interior permanent magnet synchronous motor
Rotors for IM and IPM Motors
![Page 38: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Starting Torque of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
![Page 39: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Developed Power and Torque in IPM Motor
δ XX
)X(XVδ
XEV
qd
qdp
d
p 2sin2
3sin
3P
2
0d
−+=
}i)iL(Li{λpT qddqqmd −+=2
![Page 40: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Motor types IPMMotor
Induction Motor
Input voltage: Vi (V) 130 200
Input current: Ii (A) 3.11 3.43
Input power: Wi (W) 687 818
Rotor speed: n (rpm) at 50 Hz 1500 1434
Torque: T (Nm) 3.82 4.00
Efficiency: η(%) 87.3 73.3
Power factor: pf (%) 98.1 68.8
Output power: Po (W) 600 600
Eff.×pf product (%) 85.6 50.4
Maximum output: Pmax(W) 960 1240
Performance Comparisons of IPM and Induction Motors
![Page 41: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Challenges for IPM Designs
An IPM motor is a hybrid motor with no saliency. Create airgap saliency variation of d-q axis reluctances without
varying physical air gap of the IPM motor. Varying and control of permanent magnetic (PM) excitation of
rotor of IPM motor. Optimum variation of PM torque and reluctance torque
components for specific applications. Availability and security of PM materials, weight, size, and
overall cost of IPM motor. Smart ac-dc converter and dc-ac inverter for IPM traction
motor drive and IPM generator for charging battery.
![Page 42: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Hybrid IPM Patent
![Page 43: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Rotors of Hysteresis, Reluctance, Squirrel Cage and IPM Motors
![Page 44: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Rotors of Squirrel Cage and IPM Motors
![Page 45: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Experimental IPM Motor (1982, MUN)
![Page 46: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Cross Section of IPM Motor
![Page 47: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Rotor Configurations for IPM
![Page 48: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
IPM Rotor for Air Conditioners
Old New
![Page 49: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
IPM Rotor for Compressor
IPM motor Twin compressor
![Page 50: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Split Window Air Conditioners
![Page 51: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Indoor Multi-Unit Air Conditioners
![Page 52: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Air Quality Feature
![Page 53: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Annual Power Consumption Change for Air Conditioners in Japan
1990 1994 1995 2000 2005
Refrigeration Year (R.Year)
![Page 54: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
IPM Motor and Generator for Toyota Hybrids
Front IPM Motor
IPM Generator
Gear
![Page 55: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
2012 Toyota Prius V
![Page 56: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Ratio of reluctance and magnet torques/total torque
![Page 57: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Conclusion
Brief introduction to the emergence of high efficiency interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motors.
A short survey of significant as well as some incremental contributions in chronological order of appearance over the past 50 years.
Rotor design features for specific applications
Successful simulation and experimental results
Highlights of IPM motor drives include applications in Japanese air conditioners
![Page 58: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Prius 2007
![Page 59: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
References
1. C. P. Steinmetz (1917), Theory and Calculations of Electrical Apparatus, McGraw-Hill, N. Y.
2. B.R. Teare, “Theory of Hysteresis Motor Torque,”, PhD Thesis, Yale University, 1937.
3. S: Miyairi and T. Kataoka "A Basic Equivalent Circuit of the Hysteresis Motor", Journal I.E.E., Japan, vol. 85, pp.41, 1965
4. G. Wakui, K. Kurihara, and T. Kubota, “Radial flux type hysteresis motor with reaction torque--Numerical analysis of hysteresis motor using finite element method,” Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 23 , no. 5, 1987.
5. J.J. Nitao, E.T. Scharlemann, and B.A. Kirkendall, “Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Hysteresis Motors,” Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLNL-TR-416493, 2009.
![Page 60: Status Review of Advances in Hybrid Electric Vehicles · Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor with ... Squirrel-cage induction motor Line-start ... “Theory of](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051321/5ad97e9d7f8b9aee348b820c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Thanks