Download - Steriometry of Cutting Tools
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Steriometry of Cutting tools
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Material Removal ProcessesA family of shaping operations, the common feature
of which is removal of material from a starting workpart so the remaining part has the desired geometry
• Machining – material removal by a sharp cutting tool, e.g., turning, milling, drilling
• Abrasive processes – material removal by hard, abrasive particles, e.g., grinding
• Nontraditional processes - various energy forms other than sharp cutting tool to remove material
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Cutting action involves shear deformation of work material to form a chip • As chip is removed, new surface is exposed
(a) A cross‑sectional view of the machining process, (b) tool with negative rake angle; compare with positive rake angle in (a).
Machining
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Why Machining is Important
• Variety of work materials can be machined– Most frequently used to cut metals
• Variety of part shapes and special geometric features possible, such as:– Screw threads– Accurate round holes– Very straight edges and surfaces
• Good dimensional accuracy and surface finish
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Disadvantages with Machining
• Wasteful of material – Chips generated in machining are wasted material, at least
in the unit operation
• Time consuming – A machining operation generally takes more time to shape
a given part than alternative shaping processes, such as casting, powder metallurgy, or forming
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Machining in Manufacturing Sequence
• Generally performed after other manufacturing processes, such as casting, forging, and bar drawing – Other processes create the general shape of the starting
workpart– Machining provides the final shape, dimensions, finish,
and special geometric details that other processes cannot create
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Machining Operations
• Most important machining operations:– Turning– Drilling– Milling
• Other machining operations:– Shaping and planing– Broaching– Sawing
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Single point cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece to form a cylindrical shape
Three most common machining processes: (a) turning,
Turning
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Used to create a round hole, usually by means of a rotating tool (drill bit) with two cutting edges
Drilling
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Rotating multiple-cutting-edge tool is moved across work to cut a plane or straight surface
• Two forms: peripheral milling and face milling
(c) peripheral milling, and (d) face milling.
Milling
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1. Single-Point Tools– One dominant cutting edge– Point is usually rounded to
form a nose radius– Turning uses single point
tools
2. Multiple Cutting Edge Tools– More than one cutting edge– Motion relative to work
achieved by rotating – Drilling and milling use
rotating multiple cutting edge tools
Cutting Tool Classification
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Cutting Conditions in Machining
• Three dimensions of a machining process: – Cutting speed v – primary motion– Feed f – secondary motion– Depth of cut d – penetration of tool below
original work surface
• For certain operations, material removal rate can be computed as
RMR = v f d where v = cutting speed; f = feed; d = depth of cut
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Cutting Conditions for Turning
Speed, feed, and depth of cut in turning.
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What is tool signature ?
In simple words The numerical code that describes all the key angles of a given cutting tool is called tool signature Convenient way to specify tool angles by use of standardized abbreviated system is known as tool signature or tool nomenclature. The tool signature comprises of seven elements and is specified in different systems .
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Elements of a single point cutting tool
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Kalpakjian
Cutter Shape and Geometry
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There are several systems available,
some of the important systems are:
American standard system (ASA)
Orthogonal rake system (ORS)
Maximum rake system (MRS)
Normal rake system (NRS) and
The system most commonly used is
American standard system(ASA)
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American standard system
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Orthogonal rake system(ors)
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Orthogonal rake system (ors)
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Maximum rake system (mrs)
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Maximum rake system (mrs)
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Normal rake system (nrs)
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normal rake system (nrs)