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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
1
Ray Aberrations
Rays represent the direction of wave-front propagation. Therefore, rays point in the direction
of the wave-front surface normal and can be calculated as the wave-front gradient.
The βtransverse ray aberrationβ (TRA) is the distance, orthogonal to the optical axis, between
a paraxial ray and its corresponding real ray (i.e., the transverse distance between ideal and
real ray locations). The TRA can be calculated as a derivative of the wave front:
TRA(y) = βπ
ππ
ππ
ππ¦
R = radius of curvature of reference sphere
r = exit pupil height
n = index of refraction in image space
W = wave-front aberration function (OPD)
y = meridional-plane (vertical) coordinate in exit pupil
References
1. J. Sasian, Introduction to aberrations in optical imaging systems, Cambridge Press, 2013.
2. W. T. Welford, Aberrations of optical systems, Adam Hilger Press (Bristol and Philadelphia), 1986.
3. R. R. Shannon, The art and science of optical design, Cambridge Press, 1997.
4. P. Mouroulis and J. Macdonald, Geometrical optics and optical design, Oxford Press, 1997.
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Ray Fan Geometry
βRay fansβ plot the ray aberration vs normalized
pupil coordinate in tangential & sagittal planes.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.1
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Ray Patterns in the Entrance Pupil
In Zemax and other optical design codes, ray aberrations are determined by tracing many rays
from a single object point, through many locations in the entrance pupil, to the image plane.
Here are some of the possible βpupil gridsβ for determining where the rays intersect the pupil.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Figs. 7.2, 7.4
Uniform random square triangular polar
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Spot Diagrams
In Zemax and other optical design codes, spot diagrams are maps of where rays intersect the
image plane after passing through the pupil with a chosen grid pattern. A spot diagram can be
considered to be an image of a point source. Here is one example β¦
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Defocus (π020)
The aberration called βdefocusβ is more of a user-controlled variable than an actual aberration.
It varies quadratically with aperture in wave front form and linearly with aperture in ray form.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.5
Spot diagrams
Ray fans
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Spherical (π040)
Spherical aberration is an on-axis aberration that varies as the 4th power of the aperture in the
wave front form and as the 3rd power of the aperture in the ray aberration form.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.6
Spot diagrams
Ray fans
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Coma (π131)
Coma is an off-axis aberration that varies as the 3rd power of the aperture in the wave front
form and as the 2nd power of the aperture in the ray aberration form.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.7
Spot diagrams
Ray fans
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Tangential and Sagittal Coma
Coma forms a comet-shaped flare of ray intersections in the image plane, spread away from
the chief-ray intersection (where the Gaussian image is located). Its magnitude can be
expressed as either tangential coma (CMA3 = 3rd-order coma ray ab) or as sagittal coma.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.8
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Astigmatism (π222)
Astigmatism is an off-axis aberration that varies quadratically with aperture in the wave front
form and linearly with aperture in the ray aberration form.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.9
Ray fans
Spot diagrams
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Field Curvature (π220)
Field curvature is an off-axis aberration that affects the axial position of the point spread function
(psf) but not its shape (for every chief ray there is a location of βidealβ focus).
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.11
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Distortion(π311)
Distortion is an off-axis aberration that affects the transverse position of the psf but not its shape
(the rays still focus tightly, but at a point shifted in a transverse plane).
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.12
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Field Curvature (π220) and Distortion (π311)
These are off-axis aberrations that do not affect the shape of the point spread function (psf), but
instead alters its position.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.10
Field Curvature:
height-dependent
axial focus shift
Distortion:
height-dependent
transverse focus shift
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Field Curvature (π220) and Distortion (π311)
These are off-axis aberrations that do not affect the shape of the point spread function (psf), but
instead alters its position.
W. Smith, Modern Optical
Engineering, Figs. 7.12, 7.13
Field curvature
Distortion
βstigmaticβ = point-like
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Seidel aberrations that alter the psf shape
These are the Seidel aberrations that alter the shape of the point spread function (psf).
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples, Fig. 7.19
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Ray Fan Equation for Astigmatism & Defocus
π = π222π» 2π2cos2 π +π020π
2 = π222π» 2π¦2 +π020 π₯2 +π¦2
TRA π₯ =βπ
ππ
ππ
ππ₯
TRA π¦ =βπ
ππ
ππ
ππ¦
ππ
ππ₯= 0 + 2π020π₯ = 2π020π sin π
ππ
ππ¦= 2π222π»
2π¦ + 2π020π¦ = 2π cos π π222π» 2 +π020
Sagittal focus
ππ
ππ₯= Β±2π020
But if π220 = 0, sagittal focus = paraxial focus, so π020 = 0 and the βsagittal fan extentβ = 0
Sagittal fan extent (π = 1, π = 90Β° & 270Β° ):
ππ
ππ¦= Β±2 π222π»
2 +π020
Again, if π220 = 0, π020 = 0 and the βtangential fan extentβ = Β±2π222π» 2
Tangential fan extent (π = 1, π = 0Β° & 180Β° ):
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Ray Fan Equation for Astigmatism & Defocus
Tangential focus
Tangential fan extent β‘ 0 (π = 1, π = 0Β° & 180Β°): ππ
ππ¦= Β±2 π222π»
2 +π020 = 0
π020 = βπ222π» 2 β΄ The amount of defocus required to reach the tangential focus is
Sagittal fan extent (π = 1,π = 90Β° & 270Β° ):
ππ
ππ₯= 2π020π sin π = β2π222π»
2π sin π ππ
ππ₯= Β±2π222π»
2
We see that the sagittal focal line length = tangential focal line length = Β±2π222π» 2
(The βmedial focusβ is halfway between the tangential & sagittal foci)
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Seidel Aberration Coefficients
The Seidel aberration coefficients can be calculated from paraxial ray trace data.
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples,
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Optical Design (S15) Joseph A. Shaw β Montana State University
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Structural Aberration Coefficients
J. Geary, Introduction to Lens Design
with practical Zemax examples,