Download - Story Of Construction
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construction phases
Assignment No:1Professional practice I
a conctruction story
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construction phases
SitepreparationThisinvolvesclearingofthesiteandpeggingoutofthesitebythesurvey-or.Sometimesretainingwallswillalsobebuiltatthisstageifrequired. SlabTheplumberwillneedtolayplumbingthatwillbelocatedbeneaththeslabofthedevelopment.Thisneedstobedonebeforetheslabcanbeformedup.Theslabpieringisthencompletedaspertheengineersspecificationsandplansandthentheslabcanbepoured.Itsveryexcitingtoseetheslabsgodown. FramesandrooftrussesTheframesaregenerallypreparedbeforebeingdeliveredtositeandcanbeerectedveryquicklywithadayorso.Itsgreattowalkaroundthesiteoncetheframesareupandgetafeelforeachroom. RooftilingofmetalroofingSomebuildersprefertocompletetheroofbeforestartingthebrickworkandotherbuildersworktheotherwayaround.Ivefoundpredominatelybuilderswanttogettheroofonasquicklyaspossibletoprotecttheframes. BrickworkThisstagereallygivesthedevelopmenttruestructure,andyoucanfeelthedevelopmentmakinggoodprogresswhenyouseethebrickworkcom-pleted. RoughinsThisinvolvestheelectricalandplumbingwiringandpipestobeinstalledbeforetheinternalliningstotheframes. InternalliningsAftertheroughiniscomplete,theinsulationwillbeinstalledintothewallandceilingsandthentheplasterwillstartonliningthewallsandceilings.Youreallygetagoodsenseofspacewithinthedwellingsatthisstage. WaterproofingandtilingThewetareaswillbewater-proofedinpreparationforthetilerstostartwork,generallyafterorevenduringthetimbermouldout. TimbermouldoutThisstageinvolvesthecarpentersinstallingtheskirtingboards,architraves,doorjamsanddoorsandkitchens. Lockupiswhenallexternaldoorsincludinggaragedoorsareon. P.C.fitout.P.C.isatermforaprimecostitemandincludestapware,bath,mirror,vani-tiesandotheraccessories,whichareinstalledatthisstage. Practicalcompletion.This isthepoint intimewhenan inspection isconductedwhenbuilderis almostfinished.Youwillwalk through thedevelopmentwith thesitemanagerandpointoutanyitemsthatstillneedattention.Bythistimeitshouldonlybetouchupsandminoritemsrequiringinstallation. HandoverThisiswhenyouarehappytheconstructionhasbeencompletedtoyoursatisfactionandtotheplansandafterpayingthebuildersfinal invoice,keyswillbehandedovertoyou.
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Climate: Special considerationsmustbemade forbuilding in flood, hurricane, intense heat,frigidcold,andotherextremeweatherandclimaticconditions.
Ground stability:Housesbuiltonshiftingsand,muckysoil,orotherunstableearthwill likelyfailoverashortperiodoftimeunlesstheyarebuiltonspecialfoundationsorpilings.
availability of utilities:Ifyouintendtohaveelectricpower,potablewater,telephone, and other conveniences, make suretheseutilityprovidersofferthematyourlocation.
Community infrastruCture:If you plan to raise children or have kids,makesuregoodqualityschoolsareavailable.Checktoseeifyouareinapolicejurisdictiontoprotectyoufromcrime,lookatthedistanceyouwillhavetotraveltoacquirebasiccommodities,andwhethermedicalhelpisnearby.
Pre-ConstruCtion:Beforeanyconstructionbegins,plans forthehomearedeveloped,finalizedandsub-mittedtothemunicipalbuildingpermitof-fice for review. Permitsmay be requiredforallorsomeofthefollowingwork:build-ing, electrical, plumbing, septic systemandsewerconnections.Priortothis,anumberofsitetestsmaybeconductedtoexaminethewatertable,thesoilandthebearingcapacityofthegroundandtoconductenvironmentaltests.Withthis information, the final engineeringtouchescanbeappliedtotheplans.
ConstruCtion beGinsWith the Foundation (1-2 weeks) Thehouse is staked out and the land is pre-pared.Often, the topsoil is removed andpiledelsewhereforlateruse.Excavationisdone,andthefootings(concreteslabstosupport the foundationwalls) are formedand poured.Water, electricity, telephoneand cable servicesmay be brought in atthistime.The foundation walls are erected (mayusepouredconcreteintemporarywoodenformsorpermanentinsulatedblocks,con-creteblocksorpreservedwood).Thefoun-dationmaybeinsulatedanddamp-proofed.Weepingtilesareinstalledtodraingroundmoistureaway fromthehouse.Once thefoundation has passed municipal inspec-tion,theoutsideperimeterisbackfilled.Atthistime,thebuildermayaskyoutobe-ginmakingyourselectionssuchasdecid-ingonflooring, tiles,cabinetsandsoon.Whileitwillbeweeksbeforetheseitemswillbeinstalled,theymustbeorderedear-lytopreventdelayslater.
1MAIN STEPS IN THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE INCLUDE
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construction phases
Thismaybeahurdle,dependingonthecost,andyouravailablefunds.Buildingahouseisanexpensiveprocess,butpurchasingsuitablepropertyisalsoamajorinvestmentjustasimportantashomebuilding.Decidehowyouregoingtopayforyourbuildingprojectgoingforwardandstartthatprocesswiththeland.
Somehomebuilderswillelecttogetaconstructionloantopurchasethelandandsecurefundingforthebuildingproject.Thisrequiresthatyouenterintoacontractwithabuilderoracontractor,andtheloanmustreferencethatbuildersresumeandserveasacontractbetweenyouandthebuilder,aswellasasourceoffundingfortheproject.Todothis,youllneedtowaituntilyouvehiredandvettedabuilderbeforepurchasingtheland.
Thisisnotabsolutelynecessary,es-peciallyifyouarebuildingonalargeparcel of land, but if there is anydoubtaboutthepropertylines,havethisdonetoassureyouarenoten-croachingonaneighborsproperty,or the citys. Thiswill be useful asyoumove forwardwith thebuildingprocess.
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SELECT THE PROPERTY WHICH GOING TO BUILD IT.
PROPERTY SURVEYED AND THE FOOTPRINT OF THE PROJECT
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Onlargeparcels,especially,youwillneedtoascertaintherouteforausabledrivewayifyoudependonacarfortransportation.Lookatanylowareathatwouldbecomeimpassableinwintermudorheavysummerrain,howinstallingdrivewaywillaffectthelandscape,andwhetheradrivewaywillbeinconflictwithundergroundutilities.
Payparticularattentiontothewaysurfacewaterwilldrainofftheproperty.Everyeffortshouldbemadesothatwaterdrainsoffandawayfromthedriveway.Thismayrequiretheplacementofculvertsorpipesunderthedrivewaytoavoidpuddlingalongitssides.
4CONSIDER ACCESS ISSUES.
Designyourownhome,orconsultanarchitect.Architectsandengineershavespecialtrainingandyearsofexperienceinde-signinghouses,andarenecessaryformostbuildingandzon-ingjurisdictioncoderequirements.Regardlessofwhetheryoucontracttheirservicesorelecttodesignyourown,thehouseyoubuildwillbebuiltforyou,soyoushouldbeinvolvedcloselyinthedesignprocess.
Beforeyouhireorconsultanarchitect,findoutwhatmanage-mentservicesthefirmmayormaynotprovide.Somearchi-tecturefirmswill help hire contractors they knowand trust,aswellasconsultandinspectthecontractorsworkasitpro-gresses,makingnecessaryrevisionsandadditionsastheworkprogresses.Thiscanbeasignificantheadachereliefinthepro-cess.
Beforebuilding,youllneedtosubmitplanstothecityorcountybuildingcommissionforapproval.Unlessyoureanexperiencedarchitect,itllbeverydifficulttoproducethenecessaryto-scaleproductiondrawingsandengineeringspecsnecessaryforap-proval.Tosavetime,energy,andmoney,itsrecommendedthatyouconsultaprofessionalandworkalongsidethemtodesignthehomeyouwant.
5DESIGNING YOUR PROJECT.
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Designtheutilityareaswithaneyetowardfunction.Forfamilylife,havingalaundryroom,andpossiblyevenagaragecanbearealhelpinmanagingdaytodaychores.Planningouttheneces-saryhouse-runningspacesisacriticalpartofthedesignprocess.Itsalsoimportanttodesignthemtobeaseasy-to-wireandoutfitwithplumbingaspossible,makingitimportanttoconsultanarchitecturalengineerwhendesigningthehome.Carefullydesignyour:
Spaces:KitchenGarageLaundryroomStoragearease.t.c
Thefunpartofdesigningahomeisimaginingyournewlifeinyournewspace.Spendsometimere-searchingpre-drawnfloorplansforinspirationandconsiderusingthemasaguideforyourownspace.Homebuildingguidesarecommonlyavailable for freeonline.[3]Give lotsof thoughttowhatkindofroomsyouwant,thenumberofbedroomsthatwillbenecessaryforyourfamily,andwhatsortofastyleyouwantintheroomsyoullbespendingthemosttimein.
Bedrooms:Forafamilyhousewherethepossibilityofadditionsexists,rememberitissimplertoaddaroomduringinitialconstructionthantoremodelorbuildanadditionlater.Ifyouonlyneed2bedroomsatpresent,anextraroommightbeusedforanoffice,storage,orevenleftunfinishedandunfurnisheduntilsuchtimeasitisneeded.
Bathrooms:Inpracticalterms,onebathroomcansufficeinalmostanycircumstances,butifthehouseisformultiplepeople,twomakeslifemucheasier.Havingtwoormorebathroomswillalsoincreasetheresalevalueintheconveniencemindedhomebuyersmind.
Specialfunctionrooms:Considerifyourlifestylerequiresroomssuitableforspecialfunctions,suchasformaldining,officespace,aden,oraplayroom.
6DETAIL PLANNING.
7DESIGNING YOUR PROJECT.
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Partaestheticsandpartenergy-efficiency,designingyourhomewithaneyetowardsunlightwillen-surethatyourhomestaysfullofwarmradiantlightwhenitneedsitthemost.Ifyouarebuildingahomewithlargewindowsinalivingroom,considerfacingthesetowardthemostappealingviewandatananglethatmaximizesthenaturallightingwhenyoullwantitmost.
Kitchensmaybenefitthemostfromexteriorlight,sothinkaboutwhattimearayofsunshineinthekitchenwillofferthebestresults.Lateafternoonmaybecookinganddishwashingtime,soitmaybebesttoorientthekitchentowardsthewesttotakeadvantage.Largerwindowsonthesouthfaceofyourhousewillalsohelpheatthehousethroughsolargainincolderclimates.
8MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY.
surfacewater(rain,snowmelt,drainagefromseasonalsprings)movesacrossthebuildingsite.Itiscriticaltokeepwaterawayfromyourhome,especiallyincolderclimates.Freezingpipesandfoundationdamagecanresultfromafailuretoplanatthisstage.Youwanttokeepyourbasementdryandlessenthechancethatyouwillhavedampwood,whichinvitestermitesinanyclimate.Simpleswalesorgrassyditcheswillgoalongwayincontrollingsurfacewaterdrainage.
9PREPARE TO TACKLE SERVICES
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Toengageinahomebuildingproject,youllneedthreetypesofconstruction-relatedinsurance,someofwhichmaybeprovidedbythebuilder,someofwhichwont,dependingonthestateyouliveinandthenatureofthecontractyouvesigned.Typically,itsrequiredthatyouprovide:
CourseofConstructionInsurancetocoveragainstunforeseenlossincludingdamagesfromfire,ac-cident,vandalismandmaliciousmischief.
GeneralLiabilityInsuranceissometimesprovidedbythebuilderandsometimesnot.Itisacompre-hensiveliabilitycoverageagainstaccidentontheworkplace.Youshouldonlyhirebuilderswhoprovidethisinsurancethemselves,asitcanbequiteexpensiveandcouldbeindicativeofshoddyworkman-shipifabuilderdoesntprovideit.
WorkmansCompensationInsuranceisnecessaryifyourbuilderhirestheirownworkers.Iftheworkissubcontracted(acommonpractice)youllneedtoprovideworkmanscompandthebuildermustwritealetteracknowledgingthattheydonothaveemployeesandwillnotprovidecompensation.
Ifyouhaventalreadystartedthisprocesswhensecuringtheland,youllneedtofigureoutawaytofundtheprojectandaconstructionloanisthemostrecommendedmethodofdoingso.Applyforaconstructionloanbyfillingoutaloanapplication,calleda1003,andsubmittingittoaloanofficeralongwithacreditreport.Thecompletedloanapplicationwillneedtoincludeinformationlike.
ThetypeofloanrequestedTheamountofmoneyrequestedYourcurrentlivingsituationYoursocialsecuritynumber
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GETTING THE NECESSARY PERMITS
CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE
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GETTING THE NECESSARY PERMITS
CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE
Abuildingpermitisabasicrequirementinmanyareas,particularlyforpermanentconstruction.Toobtainthis,youllneedtoprovidedetailedarchitecturaldiagrams,engineeringloadspecs,andothermaterialstoyourstatesDepartmentofHousing.Itslikelyyoullalsoneedthefollowingtocomplywithlocalcodesandzoningrequirementsbyobtaining:
AseptictankpermitAnelectricalpermitAplumbingpermitAmechanical(HVAC,orairconditioning)permitYoumayalsofindyouarerequiredtoapplyforandreceiveanenvironmentaland/orimpactpermit.Havingthehouselocationmarkedpriortoobtainingyourpermitswillhelptoworkdetailsoutintheenvironmentalpermittingprocess.
12PROPER CONSTRUCTION PERMITS.
particularcostofconstructionofthehome.Thefoundation,lumber,framing,plumbing,heating,elec-trical,painting,andbuildersprofit,etc.Whenyouhireabuilder,theywillusuallycompletethisformtoshowyouexactlywhatitwillcosttobuildyournewhome.
Pricebuildingmaterialsinthearea.Howmuchisthecostofwoodintheprospectivearea?Labor?Vinyl?Itshelpfultogivesomethoughtohowmuchtheprocesswillendupcosting,asidefromthelandpurchaseitself.Trytogetaroughestimateofhowmuchitllcosttobuildthekindofhouseyouwanttobuildatthelocationyoureconsidering.
13ESTIMATED COST BREAKDOWN (ECB).
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Everythingwillbemadeeasierifyouhireanexperiencedbuildertooverseetheproject.Youwontneedtoworryaboutdoingeverythingyourself,hiringoutparticulartasks,andsecuringtheper-mitsyourself.Itsalsomucheasiertosecureaconstructionloanifyoureworkingwithanexpe-riencedbuilderwhocanincludeastatement,resume,bankingandexperiencereferences,alineitemcostbreakdownofexpectedcosts(anECB),amaterialslist,andaconstructioncontract.[6]Thecontractshouldinclude:
TheindividualresponsibilitiesofeachpartyTheexpecteddateofthebeginningandendingoftheprojectThepaymentexpectedbythebuilderAcompletedEstimatedCostBreakdown(ECB),signedanddatedProvisionsforchanges
Buildingahouseinvolvesseveralspecifictradestoensurequalitywork,soitisusuallybettertohavetrainedcraftsmenperformthingsyoureunabletodoatanexpert-level.Youcanprobablypaintthehouseandputupdrywallyourself,butmaybeyouwanttohirethosejobsout.Trytofindaneconomicandpracticalbalancebetweendoingprojectsyourselftosavemoneyandhiringoutmoreintricateanddifficultwork.Considerhiringout:
Siteworkerstoclearandgradetheland,preppingitforbuildingBricklayerstolaythefoundationFramerstoperformroughcarpentry, frameupthewalls,and install the trussesorstick-framedraftersRooferstoinstalltheroofandinsulatethehouseElectricians,plumbers,andHVACworkerstodothedifficultinteriorworkofoutfittingthehomeforlivingTrimandfinishcarpentersforinteriordesignworkFlooringinstallerstolaythecarpet,hardwood,ortile
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DECIDE ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION AREA.
HIRING A BUILDER ON CONTRACT.
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DECIDE ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION AREA.
HIRING A BUILDER ON CONTRACT.
Laythefoundation.Afterasitecrewexcavatestheplot,youllbegintheworkoflayingthefoundation.Thetypeanddesignofthefoundationwilldependuponthesizeofyourhouse,thegroundinwhichitslaid,localbuildingcodes,andwhetherornotyourhomewillhaveabasement.Themostrecommend-edandstrongesttypeoffoundationisconcreteblock.
Theexcavationcrewshouldfirstsurveyandstakethedimensionsofthefoundationandexcavateittothedesireddepth,thensmoothitouttoaworkablesurface,sometimesoverlayingdirtorgraveltobuildupon.
16BREAKING GROUND.
Theseareusedtodistributetheweightevenlyandshouldbesomewhatwiderthanthefoundationwalls,formingtheperimeterofthehome.
Buildtheformworkandfillinwithconcrete.Theformworkisbasicallyamoldforconcrete,usedtopourintoandremoveaftertheconcretehasset.Alternatively,ablockfoundationcanbelaidwhichwontberemoved,inwhichcaseyoullinlayrebarintotheblockandfillinthegapsintheblockwithconcrete.Thethicknessofthefoundationshouldbedeterminedcarefullybyastructuralengineer,takingintoconsiderationtheheightofthewallandtheloaditwillberequiredtobear,bothintermsofthebuildingitselfaswellastheforcesofgravity,wind,andearththataffectthestructure.
17POUR THE CONCRETE FOUNDATION
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Thismeansputtingeitherbatterboardsorcornerstakesateachcornerofthehousefoundationtolevelandsquareupthefoundation.Useatransitorbuildingleveltomakesurethebuildinglinesarelevelandsquare,andcheckbymeasuringcornertocorner,diagonally,tomakesurethewallsandcornersaresquare.
18SET UP BUILDING
Therearetwocommonfloortypes,calledslabongradeorpierandbeam/joistfloors.Beforepouringtheslabfloor,youneedtomakesureyouveinstalledroughplumbinglinessothattheyareaccuratelyplaced.Aftertheslabispoured,itllbetoolatetoadjust.
Foraslab-on-gradefloor,formupthefootingtotheproperspecsandlayrebar.Generally,thesefloorsaremadeonconcreteblockfoundations.Afterinstallingyourplumbingrough-ins,backfillaroundthefoundationwithdirtandgravel,compactingitappropriately.Atthispoint,youmayalsowanttopre-treatfortermitesandinstallmoisturebarrier.Foroff-gradeorabove-gradefloors,layoutandinstallwoodenflooringpiersandinstallyourfloorjoistframingsystemtotheproperspecifications.Installsubfloor/finishfloordecking.
19INSTALL FLOORING.
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SET UP BUILDING
INSTALL FLOORING.
Youwillneedtolayoutthewalllinesonthefloor,beginningatonecorner,markingyourbottomplate(calledtheratsill)toattachtoanchorbolts.
Asyouwork,markthelocationofdoors,windows,andinteriorwallcornersonthesill.Besuretousespecialmetalconnectors/strapsatthefloorandtopsofwallsasrequiredbycodeforstormandearthquakeproofing.[8]Use teesatwall intersections, substantial headers for openings in loadbearingwalls, andallowspaceateachroughopeningforthefeaturetobeinstalled.
20WALLS AND ROOF.
Installsheathingifrequired.Otherwise,usesheetmetalstrapstodiagonallybraceallexteriorwallcor-ners.Makesureallstuds(verticalframingmembers,usually2inchby4inch(5cmby10cm)nominallumber,gradedstandardorbetter)aresecurelynailedinplace,straightandsquaretothewallline.
21PLUMB THE WALLS AND BRACE THEM SECURELY
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Generally,thismeans24inches(61.0cm)apartfromoneanother,sometimes16inches(40.6cm)forstick-bracingstructures.Attachhurricaneclipsorotherconnectorstosecurethem,plumbthecenterofeachtruss,andtemporarilysupportthemwitharatrunbracingnearthepeak.Installdiagonalgablebracingforaroofwithgableendstopreventtheroofframefromleaningwhenyouinstalltheroofdecking.Forahiproof,installkingraftersandhiprafters,beingcarefultokeeptheadjacentplaneoftheroofconsistentandstraight.
Youmaywanttostickframeyourroof,cuttingandinstallingraftersandceilingjoistsyourself(espe-ciallyifyouwantausableatticspace).Prefabtrusses,however,areengineeredwithlighter,smallerlumberformaximumstrength.Therearesometrussesforatticswithhigh-pitchedroofsanddor-mers,aswellasmoretraditionalroofs.Researchyouroptionsandchoosesomethingthatworkswellforyourhome.
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SETTING UP ROOF TRUSSES.
SET EACH MODEL
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SETTING UP ROOF TRUSSES.
Buildoutlookerstosupportthegableoverhangandgablefaciaboards, ifused.Deckthetrussesorrafterswithplywood,orientedstrandlumber,ornominallumbersuchas1x6inch(2.5cmx15cm)tongueandgrooveboards.
Inareaswherehighwindsorsnow-loading(accumulation)ispossible,makesuretheroofdeckingissecuredandstructurallyabletowithstandthesesevereforcesandconditions.Useappropriatebracingandfastenersforthisscopeofwork.
24 BOARD TO CONNECT THE ENDS
Tomakesuretheelementsdontsetyoubackasyoureworking,itsimportanttoinstallamoisturebar-rieronyourroofevenbeforeitscompleted.Use15or30pound(6.8or13.8kg)roofingfelttarpaperandsimplexnails,roofingtacks,orplasticcappedfeltingtackstosecureit.Beginfeltingthedeckingattheloweredge,allowingittohangoverslightly,andoverlapsubsequentlayerstokeepwaterfromgettingunderthismoisturebarrier.
25INSTALL ROOFING
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Youmaychoosepaintedsheetmetalpanels,rolledsteelformedtolengthsneededonsite,orshin-gles,terracottatiles,orothermaterials,dependingonyourpreference,costs,andproductsavailableatyourlocation.Considerridgevents,atticexhaustfans,venteddormers,andotherarchitecturaldetailswhichcanincreasethecomfortofyourhousewhiledecreasingcoolingcostsinhotclimates.
Manylocationsrequiresometypeofmetalflashingtopreventwaterfrompenetratingtheedgesandthegables,butyoumaybeabletosealthemsufficientlywithcaulkingifitispermittedandyouareable.
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WINDOWS AND DOORS.
INSTALL YOUR FINAL ROOF.
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WINDOWS AND DOORS.
Thesecanbecappedofftotrimoutafterthewallsarefinished,especiallyifthelocalcodesrequirepressuretestingbeforefinishingmaybedone.
28STARTING ON THE INTERIOR
Stuboutyourductworkforreturnairandsupplyairregisters.Insulatetheductworkifitisnotpre-in-sulated,andsealall joints.Fastenductworkasneededtopreventmovementandensuretheyourconduitsareflush.
29INSTALL SERVICES
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Insulatewallswhereit isrequired.Dependingontheclimate,youwillwanttogetlocation-specificguidelinesforthisareaofwork,aswarmerclimateswillusesubstantiallylessinsulationinthewallsthanwarmerareas.Insulatethespacesbetweenceilingjoistsandwalls.
WallsareusuallyinsulatedwithaminimumR-valueof13,andceilingswithaminimumof19,butasmuchas30,orevenmoreforloweringfuelandutilityusage.
Mostlikely,therewillbeelectricaloutlets,lightfixtures,andspecialwiringrequiredforlargeappli-anceslikewaterheaters,stoves,andairconditioningthatwillbenecessarytodoassoonaspossi-ble.Installthemainelectricalpanelbox,andanysub-panelsyourdesignrequires,andinstallwiringfromthesetoeachdevice.
Commonly,#12Romexcableisusedforordinarylightingandoutletcircuits,andnail-inelectricalboxesareattachedtothewallstuds,withthefrontedgeprotrudingtoallowforthefinishedwallmaterialtobeflush.
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ROUGH-IN ELECTRICAL OUTLETS
INSTALL INSULATION.
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ROUGH-IN ELECTRICAL OUTLETS
Gypsumwallboardmadeof drywall or sheetrock is a commonmaterial used for this application,butthereareotherproductsincludingacousticalceilingtiles,beadedplywoodpaneling(tosimulateplanking),andevennaturalwoodlumberthatarecommonlyusedforcreatingsolidceilings.
32INSTALL YOUR CEILINGS.
Installthebathtub,showerenclosure,andanyotherlargeplumbingfixtureswhichwillinterfacewithfin-ishedwalls.Makesureplumbingrough-insarecorrectlylocated,andpipesareprotectedandsecurelyanchored.
33INSTALLING THE ESSENTIALS
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Putupanytrimyouareusingforbaseboards,crownmouldings,andcorners,andinstallyourinteriordoorsandjambs.Ifyouareusingnaturalwoodtrimandmouldings,youwillwanttopaintthewallspriortothisstep.Pre-finishingthetrimbeforeinstallingwillmakethefinalfinisheasier,butanynail-holeswillprobablystillneedattentionafterinstallation.
Traditionally,builderswillusegypsumwallboard,wood,ormasonitepanelingforthispurpose.Pan-elsaregenerally jacked38 inch(1.0cm)abovethefloortoavoidmoisturefromfloorspillsandregularmoppingwhenyoucleanthehouse.Therearemanyinteriorwallproductsavailable,sotheinstallationprocesswilldependonthematerialused.Applyfinishtogypsumwallboard,tapingandskimming/floatingalljointstoanacceptableleveloffinish.Finish/textureanyceilingsduringthisstepifapplicable.
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WALL BOARD OR PANELING.
PLACE WALL TRIM.
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WALL BOARD OR PANELING.
Mostlikely,youwillwanttoprimewallboard,thenapplyafinishcoat.Useapaintrollerwherepossi-ble,cutting-inwithbrushesaroundappurtenancesandincorners.\
Besuretotrimouttheelectricaldevices, install lightsandotherfixtures,andinstallbreakersinpanelboxesiftheywerenotpre-installed.
36PAINT, AND INSTALL WALL COVERINGS.
Youwillprobablyneedatleastbasickitchenstoragecabinetsandabathroomvanitycabinetforasink,othercabinetsmayincludeabar,upperstoragecabinets,andlowerunitswithdrawersforkitchenutensilsandsupplies.
37INSTALL CABINETS AND OTHER MILL WORK.
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Tostartcheckingtomakesureeverythingisworkingappropriately,activatethewaterandelec-tricity tostartexperimentingwith yourhandiwork.Adjust the jobsasnecessaryandworkonfinishingthehousetoastateatwhichyoullwanttomoveinandstartenjoyingyournewhome.
Notethatforcarpetfloors,baseboardsareinstalledpriortoflooring,leaving38inch(1.0cm)forthecarpettotuckunderneathit.Forhardwoodorcompositefloors,thistrimisinstalledafterthefloorisfinished.
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INSTALL FLOORING.
INSTALL APPLIANCES.
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INSTALL FLOORING.
ExcavationConstruction begins with home site excavation. Your homes position isstakedonthelotandpreppedforthefoundation.Forhomeswithabasementorblockwallconstruction,theconcretefooting-thebaseonwhichyourhomesfoundationwillrest-ispoured,andwhenitsset,agravelfillisplacedaroundthefootingorunderthebasementslabfordrainage.FoundationDependingontheregionyourhomeisbuiltin,yournewhomesfoundationconsistsofaslab,blockorpouredwallfoundation.Slabconstruction:Formsaresetandanoutlineof thenewhomebeginstotakeshape.Undergroundplumbing is installedandtied intothepublicsewersystem.Afterabitofprepwork,theslabispouredwhichcreatesthefoundationforyourhome.Blockwallconstruction:Concreteblockis laidtocreateyournewhomesfoundation. Once set, waterproofing is applied and the garage slab ispreppedandpoured.Pouredwall foundation: Concrete is poured into foundation form panels.Oncetheconcreteisset,foundationwaterproofingisapplied,anddraintilepipingisinstalled.Undergroundplumbingisinstalledandtiedintothepublicsewersystem.Nextyourbasementslabispoured,andtheconcretefloorsarefinished.FramingFramingisthephasewherethingsreallystarttotakeshape.Manyhome-ownersthinktheirhomeisnearcompletionattheendofthisstage.Actu-ally,wearestillonlyaboutonethirdofthewaythroughtheconstructionprocess!Sowhilethephasesbeyondthisonemayseemmuchslower inprogress,itsbecausewearegettingintothefinedetailswhichmaynotbeapparentbutarevitaltoyourfinishedhome.Intheframingphase,thesubfloor,walls,androofstructurearebuilt,andyourroofisshingled.Windowanddoorunitsareinstalled,andanybackfill-ingaroundthefoundationisdone.Rough MechanicsRoughmechanicsisthetermusedforthemechanicalportionsofbuildingincludingheating,airconditioning,plumbingandelectric.Thisconstructionphase is a swarm of activity, as plumbing and indoor sewer pipes, yourfurnaceandducts,andelectricwiring,outlets,andswitchesareinstalled.Insulationisinstalledinthewalls,anddrywall isstagedineachroomforfuture installation.Water,gasandelectricutilitiesarealsoconnectedtoyourhome.Towardtheendofthisphase,theBuilderwillperformapre-drywallreviewwithyou.Thisreviewisanopportunitytogoovertheworkalreadydoneonyourhomeanddiscussworktobecompletedinthenextfourphases.DrywallThe drywall phase of home construction shows progress rather quickly.Roomsareseparatedanddivided,givingyouthevisualeffectofeachspace.Drywallishungandfinished,andtheceilingsareinsulated.Outsidebrick,stoneandsidingareinstalled;andyourhomesiteisgradedfordrainageandtoprepareforthedriveway,patios,walks,andsoon.FinishThefinishingphaseisprobablyoneofthemostexcitingphases.YoullseemanyoftheselectionsyoumadeatyourDreesDesignCentercometolife.This iswhentheBuilder installskitchenandbathcabinetry,countertops,mirrors,medicinecabinets,interiordoorsandtrim,stairrails,andmanyotherdetailfeatures.Kitchenappliancesandhardflooring-vinyl,ceramic,andhardwood-areinstalled,andboththeinteriorandexteriorofyourhomearepainted.
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University of Gujrat Hafiz hayat campus
Muhammad Ghulam Mustafa Joyia11011505-119
Muhammad Ehsan11011505-120
Farooq Arshad11011505-154
Afnan Javed10060605-092
Adil Ali11011505-011
SCHOOL OF ART DESIGN & ARCHITECTURE
SUBMITTED BY:
Submitted to: Mam Ayesha Anwar