PresentationPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week in StockholmPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week in Stockholm©The Author(s), all rights reserved
WASTECARE
Planning for Sustainable Sanitation in Cities
Clean towns: progress and prospects ofClean towns: progress and prospects of strategic sanitation planning in Ghana
Lukman Salifu
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WasteCare Associates, Accra
WASTECARE
Outline…
--- Background: principles & key elements of Strategic Sanitation Planning (SSP)Sanitation Planning (SSP)
--- Kumasi, changing trends : two decades = 1½ rounds of i t ti ?interventions ?
--- Overcoming barriers to clean towns: where do we start?Overcoming barriers to clean towns: where do we start?
--- Enabling elements: how do we listen to household decisions and implement community actions quickly?Lessons & prospects: rolling out nation wide district --- Lessons & prospects: rolling out nation-wide district environmental sanitation planning
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Background: strategic sanitation planning - Principles & elements
Elements
Situation Analysis
Principles
• No one size fits all – recommended • Situation Analysis
• Technical Options
o o e s e ts a eco e dedoptions for housing segments
• User preferences and willingness to • Technical Options
• Institutional Options
User preferences and willingness to pay
• Short planning horizon 10 15 years • Institutional Options
• Financing Options
• Short planning horizon 10- 15 years
• Overall plan put in financing k th t b i l t d • Financing Options
• Implementation
packages that can be implemented independently but together provides full coverage • Implementation
Strategyfull coverage
• dynamic plan that takes on board changing experiences and aspirationschanging experiences and aspirations
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE THE STRATEGIC SANITATION PLANNING PROCESS
Background: strategic sanitation planning - processTHE STRATEGIC SANITATION PLANNING PROCESS
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
SANITATION PLAN
MONITORING AND PROJECT
PREPARATION p1,
EXPERIENCE
EVALUATION p ,
p2, p3‐EXPERIENCE
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION p1,
p2, p3‐
Plan Elements
• Situation Analysis
•Technical Options•Financial Options•Institutional Options•Implementation StrategyStrategy
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Kumasi: 1½ Rounds of interventions in 2 decadesKSP Pilot(1989 – 1994)
SSP K i (1994 2000)
UESP – Phase 1(1996 – 2002)
d t f SSP i d i
UESP – Phase 2(2005 – 2010)
U d t f SSP iSSP-Kumasi (1994 - 2000)
- WTP Survey
update of SSP + primary drainage study and intervention + treatment & disposal facilities for solid/liquid wastes
Update of SSP + primary drainage interventions + improving O&M of facilities & services
Housing Segments• Tenement - simplified sewerage (8km – WSPonds)
wastesHousing Segments• Tenement - simplified sewerage• Indigenous - KVIP Latrines (1600
servicesHousing Segments• Tenement - simplified sewerage
I di KVIP L t i• Indigenous - KVIP Latrines (400 out of deficit 12,000)• Government - Septic Tanks• High Cost - Septic tanks
deficit 11,000 ??)• Government - Septic Tank• High Cost - Septic tanks
• Indigenous - KVIP Latrines (2000 deficit 10,900 ??)• Government - Septic Tank• High Cost - Septic tanksHigh Cost Septic tanks
Institutional Strengthening• creation of dedicated wastes mgt. dept
Institutional Strengthening• franchise collection and privatised waste collection
g pInstitutional Strengthening• Extending franchise SWM zones
i f di l f ili ig p
• franchise management of public toilets• revolving loan scheme for latrine promotion
• franchise management of public toilets, BOT, BOO• 50-50 subsidy project/beneficiary for household toilet promotion
• private mgt of disposal facilities• drainage maintenance unit• 15% subsidy for household toilet promotionlatrine promotion for household toilet promotion promotion
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Changing trends …Some issues that we need to consider:• Have housing segments remained the same ?• Have housing segments remained the same ?
• Which aspect of “cleaning” towns do we start with?Which aspect of cleaning towns do we start with?
•How do we achieve the important Situational pAnalyses that reflect household decisions and enable area-wide(communal) actions?( )
•How do we accelerate coverage of infrastructure and services, (scale-up country-wide)? In 2007, 105 towns with population above 15,000 besides five largest cities. In 2015 additional 30 towns.
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Changing trends …housing segments
Criteria Tenement Housing Indigenous Housing New Government Housing
High-cost Housing
Low density (newly developing areas)
Population (year 2000)
170,000 people. 470,000 people 60,000 people.8% f l i
70,000 people. 85,000 people.2000) 22% of population. 55% of population. 8% of population.
p p10% of population.
15% of population.
Housing 300-600 persons/ha.2-3 storey buildings with 20-30 rooms and inner
80-250 persons/ha.Single storey homes with 5-10 rooms and
50 persons/ha.Rows of detached single-storey homes
10-15 persons/ha.Detached single family homes on
5 -10 persons/ha.Detached single family homes in20-30 rooms and inner
courtyard10-20 families (40-100 persons).Street in front and rear ll
with 5-10 rooms and interior courtyards. 4-10 families (20-50 persons).Street in front and rear ll
single-storey homes in walled compounds with 2-3 rooms.1-2 families.St t i f t
family homes on large lots with 5-8 rooms and servants’ quarters.
family homes in mixed single-double storeys on 30m x30 m lots with 5-8 rooms
alley. alley. Street in front, no rear alley.
Water use Water use = 60 lcd.90% of homes have house connections and 25% have
Water use = 40 lcd.25% of the homes have yard taps, others buy
Water use = 80-100 lcd.All houses have full
Water use = 100-120 lcd.All houses have
Water use = 60 -80 lcd.All houses have full i l l bimultiple fixtures. water from neighbours internal plumbing. full internal
plumbing.internal plumbing. Rely mostly on water vendors
Existing sanitation facilities
45% septic tanks.40% public latrines.10% Si lifi d S
60% public latrines.25 % Traditional Pit l t i
100% septic tanks. 100% septic tanks, partial d i fi ld
100 % septic tanks without drain fields
10% Simplified Sewerage5% KVIPs
latrines5% KVIPs5%???
drain fields
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
HUMAN WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL, KUMASI (1990)LIQUID VOLUME (M3/DAY) AND DRY WEIGHT (KG/DAY)Changing trends …
HOUSEHOLDS USING PUBLIC LATRINES 230,000 PEOPLE
PUBLIC LATRINES & CESSPITS (HOLDING
TANKS)
DESLUDGING TRUCKS
565m3 9200
60m3
3000 kg60m3
4000 kg
,
HOUSEHOLDS WITH CONSERVANCY
)
LAN
DFI
LL
565m3 9200 kg
65m3
3350 kg
250m3
8360 kg
10m3
600 kg10m3
500 kg
BUCKET LATRINES 150,000 PEOPLE
WORKERS
HOUSEHOLDS WITH
240m3 6000 kg
60m3
3000 kg
160m3
2000 kg
SEPTIC TANKSWCs150,000 PEOPLE 1140m3
6000 kg560m3
2760 kg280m3
2760 kg
50m3
600 kg
HOUSEHOLDS WITH TRAD. PIT LATRINES
40,000 PEOPLEPITS
STREAM
65m3
1600 kg
HOUSEHOLDS USING BUSH
30,000 PEOPLE
STREAMSOPEN STREET DRAINS
NEIGHBOURHOOD DUMPS
1,435M3/DAY – 12,650 KG/DAYTOTAL LOADING
60m3
1200 kg
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE HUMAN WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL, KUMASI (2000)
LIQUID VOLUME (M3/DAY) AND DRY WEIGHT (KG/DAY)Changing trends …
HOUSEHOLDS USING PUBLIC LATRINES 115,000
PEOPLE
PUBLIC LATRINES & CESSPITS (HOLDING
TANKS)
DESLUDGING TRUCKS
HOUSEHOLDS WITH BUCKET LATRINES ??? EXTINCT
LAN
DFI
LL
SEPTIC TANKSHOUSEHOLDS WITH WCs
350,000 PEOPLE
HOUSEHOLDS WITH TRAD. PIT LATRINES
160,000 PEOPLEPITS
STREAM
SIMPLIFIED SEWERS250,000 PEOPLE
STREAM
WASTE STABLIZATION
POND
STREAMSOPEN STREET DRAINS
NEIGHBOURHOOD DUMPS
1 435M3/DAY – 12 650 KG/DAY
HOUSEHOLDS USING BUSH
1,435M3/DAY 12,650 KG/DAYTOTAL LOADING
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Overcoming barriers to clean towns – where do we start?
Diarrhoeal episodes per child per year in favelas in Salvador, Brazil, 1989-90
No toilet
Diarrhoeal episodes per child per year in favelas in Salvador, Brazil, 1989-90
7
6
No toilet
No drainage
5
4 Drains only
3
2
With toilet
D i &
With toilet
1
Drains & sewers
Individual households Communities as a whole
The benefits of investments in communal environmental sanitation go beyond toiletsSource: Adapted from UNDP Human Development Report 2006 (Cairncross and others 2003)
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Overcoming barriers to clean towns – where do we start?
SULLAGE DISPOSAL
EXCRETA DISPOSAL
STORMWATER DRAINAGE
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Integration of environmental sanitation services is essential:
DRAINAGEMANAGEMENT
Integration of environmental sanitation services is essential:•Sullage and stormwater are often carried in the same drains.•Maintenance of drains and sewers will be more difficult where there is poor solid waste management is poorg p•Some excreta disposal methods (for instance pit latrines) will require that separate provision is made for sullage disposal
S St t i Pl i f M i i l S it ti GHK R h & T i i Ltd i A i ti ith WEDC dSource: Strategic Planning for Municipal Sanitation, GHK Research & Training Ltd in Association with WEDC and WSP-SA, July 2000.
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Overcoming barriers to clean towns – where do we start?
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Overcoming barriers to clean towns – where do we start?
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Overcoming barriers to clean towns – where do we start?
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Enabling elements of strategic environmental sanitation plans
Recognising household decisions ( and coping strategies) to enable community action, but what of constraints of full WTP surveys (time and cost) ?
Apply Environmental Sanitation Assessment and
y ( )
Audit tool as part of SSPlaning; we still segment towns for area-wide solutions but also:
- Simplified household questionnaire survey- Environmental Profiling- Focus Group Discussions- Technical and Institutional Audit
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE FLOW CHART FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ASSESSMENT AND AUDIT
Enabling elements of strategic environmental sanitation plansFLOW CHART FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ASSESSMENT AND AUDIT
Define Scope of Environmental Sanitation Assessment and Audit
WASTECARE
AuditAssessment Assemble all relevant Documents – Guidelines, Regulations, Standards, etc
Develop Audit Framework
Administer survey Instruments
Evaluate and Analyse Documents
Develop instruments for Assessment
Identify gaps, overlaps etc Conduct Audity y g p , p
Compile and Analyse Findings Compile and Analyse Findings
Plan Improvements
OUTPUTS
Managements ImprovementsPolicy Recommendations
Town Env. San. Devp. pPlan and financing packages
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Lessons…adapting the Principles of (CLTS)
• Community-based appraisal of currentsanitation practices, including open-
•Maintaining an open-defaecation-free (ODF) environment, as an essential p , g p
defaecation.
• The need to maintain personal
( ) ,element that triggers and sustains collective behaviour change
• The need to maintain personalhygiene by all community members forgood public health outcomes, andrecognizing the main pathways for
• Identifying existing “anchor groups” within communities and building strategies around their main thrust of activitiesrecognizing the main pathways for
common diseases related to poorsanitation and hygiene, not water
around their main thrust of activities
• identifying and harnessing communal f i t i i i h
• Avoiding the reliance of project-typesubsidy driven installation of even
resources for maintaining services – share of proceeds of franchised toilets for O&M of drains
demonstration latrines
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
From lessons to prospects…framework for Env. Sanitation in Ghana
Raising awareness for behavioural change - encompassingRaising awareness for behavioural change - encompassing advocacy at the highest political levels, effectively implementing policies, and enhancing environmental sanitation ed cation and enforcement managementsanitation education and enforcement management
Phased planning and programming for incremental improvements in all aspects of environmental sanitation services based on; District and National environmental ;sanitation strategies and actions plans, strategic investment plan
Ensuring effective coordination of, and collaboration among, sector stakeholders for country-wide adoption of policies, plans and programmes; Aligning resource flows to government procedures, coordination for Multi-Budget Donor Supportpp
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE Prospects: scaling up to national level planning (NESSAP)
National Environmental Sanitation Strategy and Action Plan
Table of Contents
Strategy and Action Plan
(NESSAP):
Give policy legs (implement
Cha
pter
1te
rIntroduction and Background
Give policy legs (implement policy objectives and measures at decentralised levels)
Cha
pter
Cha
pt
3
2 National Profile
Current state of environ-mental sanitation
Strategic Environmental Sanitation Investment Plan (SESIP):
CC
hapt
erpt
er
4
3National Objectives &Strategies
Services and Infrastruc
Provide financing framework for harmonised strategy and actions
Cha
pC
hapt
er
6
5Services and Infrastruc-ture requirements
Financial Implications actionsC 6
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE “Closing-the-Loop” – Defining Activities & Searching for demand drivers for Eco-Prospects…broadening technology options
g p g gtoilets
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
Prospects…taking on board changing trends
• promoting sanitation as part of home improvementimprovement
• revisit financing options - promoting toilets usingrevisit financing options promoting toilets using revolving loans under “concessionary” terms
h i d i fi d dit h• anchoring around micro-finance and credit schemes for improving livelihoods
• empowering women may be one of the most successful mechanisms for increasing effectivesuccessful mechanisms for increasing effective demand – focus on women’s groups
idi t il t d i t h ti f iliti• providing toilets and rainwater harvesting facilities…World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.
WASTECARE
“Civilized man could embark on no task nobler than sanitary reform”Boston Board of Health, 1869Boston Board of Health, 1869
Thank you for your kind attentionThank you for your kind attention
World Water Week, August 17 – 23, 2008 - Stockholm International Fairs and Congress Center. “Progress and Prospects on Water: For a Clean and Healthy World”.