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Striving for Independence
Africa, India and Latin America
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Traditional West Africa• West Africa (Ghana, Songhai & Mali)
– Camel facilitated travel & trade– Trade facilitated spread of Islam
• Slave Trade– 16th Century Europeans find this most
profitable
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Traditional East AfricaTraditional East Africa•East Africa (Swahili States)
– Traded with Middle East & Asia
– Established by Muslim traders
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Traditional North Africa
• North Africa (Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli & Egypt)– Ottoman traders brought gold &
salt to the region – They returned metal-ware, cloth,
horses & glass
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Colonization
• Age of Imperialism– Europeans want African
resources– Europeans want captive markets
for their manufactured goods
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Berlin Conference
• Portugal wants a plan for African colonization– Otto Von Bismarck uses the opportunity
to expand German control in Africa
• Europe divided up the continent but kept the Congo River basin open to trade
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Direct vs Indirect Rule
• Direct Rule:– Centralized administration stressed
assimilation• Make Africa “civilized” (European)• Divide & rule – weaken indigenous powers
• Indirect Rule:– used indigenous rulers to administer colonies
• maintained an inferior role • increased divisions between ethnic groups • gave power to certain "big men" who had never
had it before in pre-colonial history
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IndependenceMovements
• Independence movements 1922-93• At least 20 new nations emerge
– Botswana, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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IndependenceMovements
• Independence primarily in 1960• At least 20 new nations
– Algeria, Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Central African Rep., Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia
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Independence
Movements
• Independence begins in 1943• Created 2 new countries• Eritrea and Libya
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India, the land & people
• Majority were Hindu, except in the north where most were Muslim– Urbanization sparked by drought– Too many native languages – English
becomes language of business & government
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British in India• British
colonization meant end of cotton & steel industries– British want raw
materials– India forced to buy
British productsBritish colonists in India
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Gandhi, Nehru and the INC
• Mohandas K. Gandhi rose to prominence by advocating non-violent resistance to British rule
• Jawaharlal Nehru spoke out against British policies
• Indian National congress favored Nehru
Nehru - Gandhi
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End of British Rule• After WWII British decide to free
India– Muhammad Ali Jinnah & Muslims want
Muslim state– Nehru & Indian National Congress
opposed this
• British break northwestern India off for Muslims - Pakistan
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Mexico, the land & people
• Mexican society was divided into “haves” and “have nots”– Very tiny middle class with no political
power• Under Pres. Díaz infrastructure improves
– Wealthy prosper – adopt European cultures– Educated middle class see this as a sign of – Díaz’ failure to protect Mexico from foreign