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Structural CollapseStructural Collapse
Module III Rescue Ops
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Disasters can be man made or Disasters can be man made or naturalnatural
May 18,th 1980, eruption of Mt. St. Helens
Oklahoma City Bombing, April 19, 1995
World Trade Center, September 11, 2001
Hurricane Katrina, August 29, 2005
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They can be relatively small They can be relatively small scale or cover large areasscale or cover large areas
Sioux City Airliners Crash
Mississippi Valley Flood
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ResourcesResources
Local Resousces
State Resources
Federal Resources
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Local ResourcesLocal Resources
Fire Department Law Enforcement Public Works Volunteer search and rescue Community Disaster Response Light rescue teams from business and
industry
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State ResourcesState Resources
State PatrolNational Guard
Governor can request a declaration of disaster from the president
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Federal ResourcesFederal Resources
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) USAR task forces comprised of four components
– Search – Rescue– Medical – Technical
Staffing for the four components totals 62 personnel including a
team leader and assistant
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Four Levels of USARFour Levels of USAROperational Capabilities Operational Capabilities
Basic Operation Level
Light Operation Level
Medium Operations Level
Heavy Operational level
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Basic Operation LevelBasic Operation Level
Size up existing and potential conditions to conduct safe USAR
Procedures for establishing ICS Procedures for activating appropriate USAR
recourses Utilize the standard USAR building and victom
markings Perform visual and audible search for victoms Providing basic medical care
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Light Operation LevelLight Operation Level
Basic knowledge of tactics and theory to help locate likely survival spots
Provide BLS careKnowledge of ability to perform breaching
in light weight constructionAbility to transport patients for elevated or
below grade areas of one to four stories
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Medium Operation LevelMedium Operation Level
Minimum capability to conduct safe SAR in collapsed buildings
Understanding and ability to breach, break and lift heavy concrete
Use of tools listed in medium ops. tool listKnowledge of heavy equip. and rigging
ops. and how to acquire such equip.Rescue Systems 1 or equivalent
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Heavy Operation LevelHeavy Operation Level
Meet the Medium Ops. Level and have RS- II or equivalent training
Knowledge of the use and operation of equipment for cutting, breaching, lifting, and moving components of steel and reinforced concrete structures
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Four Phases of StructuralFour Phases of StructuralCollapse RescueCollapse Rescue
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Phase IPhase ISize up and ReconSize up and Recon
Depending on event can last few minutes to several hours
Find out how big the problem isOrganized Survey of the damaged areaWhat resources are availableWhat can we do about the problem
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Prioritize the problemsPrioritize the problems
First priority is yourselfSecond is you family and co-workerThird is other peopleFourth is property
Prioritization allows you to determine which problems to solve first
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Establish Command and ControlEstablish Command and Control
Designate a command spotRemain available by staying in the
command post
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Rescue and removeRescue and remove surface victims surface victims
50% of all survivors are surface victims- injured but not trapped, Deal with them first
Remove them from the hazards Keep people from entering structures, allow
structures time to settle Organize spontaneous rescue teams and direct
them where they will do the most good
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Phase IIPhase II
Begins when rescue teams arrive and ICS has been established
Use info. gathered to search the likely survival places
Use location methods, searching outside by voice, listening devices, dogs, heat sensing and fiber optics
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Phase II (cont.)Phase II (cont.)
Search the voids as a last resort Enter those voids that
have highest likelihood
of survivors Shore as you go Monitor for hazards 30% of all survivors in Structural collapse are
involved in non structural entrapment
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Phase IIIPhase III
Starts after all surface victims are removed and cared for and those in voids can removed without major debris removal
Selective debris removal using heavy equipment , trained rescue teams working with private contractors
Removal of entombed victims
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Phase IVPhase IV
Usually 5-6 days after event
Probability of further survivors is minimal, and private contractors will usually finish clean up
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SearchSearch
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Type of SearchType of Search
Physical Search
Canine Search
Technical Search
Use all three for the most complete search
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Search
Markings
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Building Construction Types Building Construction Types and Characteristicsand Characteristics
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Light Frame Building CollapseLight Frame Building Collapse
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Light Frame Building CollapseLight Frame Building Collapse
Residential homes and apartmentsHighly susceptible to firesComplete collapses occur frequently
Rescuers look for badly cracked walls, leaning walls, offset of structure from foundation, or leaning first story
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Heavy Wall Heavy Wall Unreinforced Masonry (URM)Unreinforced Masonry (URM)
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Heavy Wall Heavy Wall Unreinforced Masonry (URM)Unreinforced Masonry (URM)
One to six stories high, residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional
Principle weekess in lateral strengthPartial collapse is most common
Rescuers check for loose/broken parapet walls, connections between walls and floor, unsupported and partially collapsed floors
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Heavy WallHeavy WallTilt-Up/Reinforced MasonryTilt-Up/Reinforced Masonry
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Heavy WallHeavy WallTilt-Up/Reinforced MasonryTilt-Up/Reinforced Masonry
One to five storiesUsually industrial/commercialWeakness is between walls and floors or
roofs. Walls fall away from floor/roof
Rescuers check connection of walls and roofs/floors, and connection between beams and columns
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Heavy Floor BuildingHeavy Floor Building
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Heavy Floor BuildingHeavy Floor Building
Residential, commercial, industrialConcrete frames up to 12 storiesIncludes concrete highway bridgesWeakness is poor column reinforcement,
and connection between floor and columnMay fail partially or completely, and
potential laterally
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Types of Collapse VoidsTypes of Collapse Voids
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Lean-To VoidLean-To Void
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Lean-To VoidLean-To Void
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V-Type Collapse VoidV-Type Collapse Void
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Pancake VoidPancake Void
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Cantilever VoidCantilever Void
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ShoringShoring
Vertical Shores– T-Shore (Spot shore)– Window and Door shores– Laced Posts– Cribbing
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ShoringShoring
Lateral Shores– Trench Shore– Wood Horizontal Shores– Hydraulic Trench Shore– One-Sided Trench Shore– Raker Shores
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““T” Spot ShoreT” Spot Shore
Used as a temporary shore to initially stabilize damaged floors
Weight needs to be directed over the shoreHeader is kept short to minimize tipping4x4 Douglas Fir is the most common wood3 foot max. header unless 18” Gussets are
used
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Nail Patterns for “T” shoreNail Patterns for “T” shore2x4 material uses 16b nails¾” Plywood uses 8b nails
4x4 Header
No longer
than 3 foot
3/4 “ Gusset
12”x12”
4x4 post
2x4
Cleat
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Window and Door ShoresWindow and Door Shores
Usually installed in an entry point for intended for rescue personnel
Shore both Vertically and HorizontallyRequires one inch of thickness for every
foot of horizontal opening
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SafetySafety
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Categories of HazardsCategories of Hazards
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Structural InstabilityStructural Instability
Weakened Floors, walls, roofs, beams and columns
Free standing wallsSpalling of Concrete structure, masonryShifting of debris from aftershocks,
vibrations or secondary collapseAttached buildings can be an exposure, or
weakened by collapse
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Overhead HazardsOverhead Hazards
Loosened debris and unstable building structures overhead
Low hanging power lines
Building contents that are unstable and displaced
Failing slings or cables whiles lifting material
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Surface HazardsSurface Hazards
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Sharp DebrisSharp Debris
Broken Glass Jagged Metal Nails Wood Splinters Rough Masonry
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Slippery SurfacesSlippery Surfaces
Fluids Water, Ice, Snow Sewage Unsure footing Improper footwear
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Other Surface HazardsOther Surface Hazards
Sink holes/ground depression by earth movement
Downed live power linesOpened manhole covers and other
dangerous opening when flooding occursHeavy equipment
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Below-grade HazardsBelow-grade Hazards
Atmospheric changes due to ruptured fuel, gas lines or presence of hazardous chemicals
Floods– May have caused the collapse– From ruptures water/sewage lines– From ground water
Elevation differences can cause difficult access and egress
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Utilities HazardsUtilities Hazards
Electric Fuel/gas Water Steam Sewage
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Hazardous MaterialsHazardous Materials
Commercial establishmentHazardous Household Chemicals
Ammonia, Bleach, cleaners, solvents, etc.
Garage
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Other HazardsOther Hazards
Fire, Smoke, Explosion
Heavy Vibrations Inhalation Hazards Power tools Noise Scene Control
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What Are Some of the What Are Some of the Hazards?Hazards?
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Hazards?Hazards?
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ThisThis
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Floor CollapseFloor Collapse
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Safety EquipmentSafety Equipment
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Personal Protective EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment
Helmet Eye Protection Gloves Knee pads Clothes Work Boots Radio Lights
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Personal LightsPersonal Lights
Hand lightHelmet lightDon’t rely on one person for lightHave back-upChemical light
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Respiratory ProtectionRespiratory Protection
Level will depend on atmospheric hazards
Cartridge filter SCBA Supplied Air
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Safety OfficersSafety Officers
One for each unitShouldn’t be engaged in rescue effortsConcentration on team and hazardsUtilize Safety checklistRotation of crews
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Rotating CrewsRotating Crews
Lessens the risk of fatigue injuriesRotate partial crewsMonitor work times of all crews
Rescuers will work longer if they’re not told to take a break
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Buddy SystemBuddy System
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CommunicationsCommunications
Maintain voice contact with rescuers
Communicate needs to team leaders
All rescuers should have a portable radio
Have predetermined hand signals
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Communications Cont’Communications Cont’
Coordinate rescue effort with other teams so that one team doesn’t place other team in danger.
Advise team leaders of progressEspecially important during night ops
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Evacuation/Escape ProceduresEvacuation/Escape Procedures
Signaling systems FEMA US&R task force evacuation signals
Devices• Air horns
• Hand held CO2 boat horns
• Vehicle horns
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SignalsSignals
Cease operation/all quiet: One long Blast (3 seconds)
Evacuate area: Three short blasts (one second each)
Resume Operations: One long and one short blast
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Escape ProceduresEscape Procedures
Alternate exitCommunicate if you become trappedRadioVoiceBanging on structurePrearranging signalsAdvise leaders of escape from building
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Approach ConsiderationsApproach Considerations
Secondary devicesSafe Zones/Collapse area (Danger Zones)Hazardous materialsControl of Scene
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Safety ConsiderationsSafety Considerations
Wear proper gear, use the buddy systemControl utilities early
Gas, Electric, Water
Monitor atmosphere Radioactivity, O2, Flammable
Eliminate fire danger Have hoses/extinguishers available wet areas prior to using spark producing tools
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Safety Considerations Cont’Safety Considerations Cont’
Establish safe areas to keep people out of dangerous areas
Barrier tape in X pattern to warn about hazard Two rows of straight tape to control access
Monitor Building MovementBefore searching voids remember, “3 Ss”
Survey Stabilize Search
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Safety Considerations Cont’Safety Considerations Cont’
Have awareness for Stress FactorsRehabEnforce Safety
Rescuer Safety is number one Priority!
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Questions?Questions?