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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND
COMPUTER MODELLING
Ing. Jan Koláček, Ph.D.
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Basic structural members
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Basic structural members
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Type of structures
Air view of district Brno-Kohoutovice
• Building structures
• Engineering structures
• Bridges
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Type of structures
• Building structures
• Engineering structures
• Bridges
Oil tanks in Loukov 5
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Type of structures
• Building structures
• Engineering structures
• Bridges
Willamette river Bridge in Oregon, USA 6
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1. Building structures
• housing
• commercial
• administrative
• manufactural
• agricultural
• stocking, etc.
distinguished according to their purpose:
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1. Building structures are formed:
• by load bearing structures – transform actions imposed on the structures
• by non-load bearing structures – additional function
Load bearing structures:
• vertical members – walls, columns, piers
• horizontal members – roofs, ceilings
• other members – stairs, arches
• hall structures
• multi-storey buildings
Building structures:
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1. Building structures Hall structures
• mostly of one storey (possibly in-built storey)
• used as manufactural, storing, sports, exhibitory, etc.
• one or multi tracts, purlin/non-purlin system
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1. Building structures Hall structure – non-purlin system
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1. Building structures Multi-storey buildings
Structural systems:
• wall
• skeleton
• combined
• special
According to the orientation of vertical structures they are divided into:
• longitudinal
• transversal
• two-ways
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1. Building structures Multi-storey buildings – wall systems
• principal member is a wall
• masonry, precast or cast in-situ concrete
• span of tracts is mostly 3-6 m (restrain disposition)
• transversal system (suitable for housing), longitudinal system
(administrative buildings)
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1. Building structures Multi-storey buildings – skeleton system
• developed from wall system
• principal members are pier or column (reduction of walls)
• due to wind effect have to be supplied by shear walls or cores
• skeleton system has lower stiffness compared to wall system
• better variability of arrangement
Basic division of skeleton system:
• framed
• non-framed
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1. Building structures Multi-storey buildings – skeleton system - framed
• columns are jointed with horizontal beams supporting floor slab
• recommended material is cast in-situ, precast or prestressed
concrete
• cross frames resist well to the wind (higher stiffness) – for high-rise
buildings
• longitudinal frames – for common buildings only
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1. Building structures Multi-storey buildings – skeleton system – non framed
• slab with column head
• flat slab
• combined
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1. Building structures Multi-storey buildings – skeleton system – non framed
Column heads skeleton system
• better safety against punching
• shorter span of slabs
• with high load bearing capacity – manufacturing and storing
halls
Flat slab skeleton system
• shall be more reinforced around columns (punching)
• flat ceiling
• suitable for common houses
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1. Building structures Multi-storey buildings – combined
• combination of wall and skeleton systems
• many variants – longitudinal wall system combined with skeleton
system, two-ways skeleton system with core, etc.
• suitable for high-rise buildings (skyscraper), undermined areas and
seismic active area
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2. Engineering structures
• underground
• water
• technological
• towers, masts and chimneys
• special
Special structures (difficult static and structural solution):
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2. Engineering structures
• foundation structures
• various underground structures
Underground structures
• shallow foundation – spread footings, combined footings and mat
foundations
Foundation structures are:
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2. Engineering structures
• foundation structures
• various underground structures
Underground structures
• deep foundation – piles, micropiles, wells and caissons
Foundation structures are:
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2. Engineering structures
• for transport (railway, traffic, pedestrian, etc.)
• for water service (water supplies, etc.)
• for energetic (telecommunication, cables, collector, etc.)
• halls (hydroelectric power station, gas reservoirs, water tank,
sewerage plants, etc.)
Various underground structures are used:
• foundation structures
• various underground structures
Underground structures
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2. Engineering structures
• dams
• weirs
• lock chambers
• hydro power stations
• pumped-storage hydro power station
Water structures
• dominant material is plain concrete, reinforced concrete and steel
For example :
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2. Engineering structures
• blast furnace
• coking plants
• petroleum refinery
• cooling towers
Technological structures
For example:
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2. Engineering structures
• fixed supported freestanding
towers
• transmission masts
• etc.
Towers, masts and chimneys
For example
• tall slim structures
• suitable material is steel (towers, masts) or concrete (chimneys)
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2. Engineering structures Special structures
• tanks
• reservoirs
• silos
• pools
• etc.
Oil tanks in Loukov 25
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3. Bridges Bridge structures
• are structures built to span physical obstacles (such as a body
water, valley or road)
They can divided into three types:
• bridges (clear span greater than 2,0 m)
• culverts (clear span less than 2,0 m)
• pedestrian bridges (serve pedestrians or bicyclists)
Bridge across the Swiss Bay of Vranov Lake 26
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3. Bridges Bridge components:
• superstructure
• substructure
• foundation
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3. Bridges Substructure
• abutments – (external support) a wall supporting the ends of
a bridge including footing, etc.
• piers – (internal support) columns, pier shaft, web wall, etc.
• wingwalls
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3. Bridges Substructure
• abutments – (external support) a wall supporting the ends of a
bridge including footing, etc.
• piers – (internal support) columns, pier shaft, web wall, etc.
• wingwalls
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3. Bridges Superstructure
• a part of bridges which transfer the action (reaction) of loads to
substructure
Bridge deck
• a part of superstructure which is on the top of a bridge
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Main structure
• is supporting system of the bridge
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3. Bridges Type of superstructure (span type):
• slab
• beam
• arch
• vault
• cable-stayed
• suspension
• rigid frame
• etc.
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3. Bridges Type of superstructure (span type):
• slab
• beam
• arch
• vault
• cable-stayed
• suspension
• rigid frame
• etc.
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3. Bridges Type of superstructure (span type):
• slab
• beam
• arch
• vault
• cable-stayed
• suspension
• rigid frame
• etc.
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3. Bridges Type of superstructure (span type):
• slab
• beam
• arch
• vault
• cable-stayed
• suspension
• rigid frame
• etc.
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3. Bridges
Pylon
Stays Type of superstructure (span type):
• slab
• beam
• arch
• vault
• cable-stayed
• suspension
• rigid frame
• etc.
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3. Bridges
Bridge deck
Type of superstructure (span type):
• slab
• beam
• arch
• vault
• cable-stayed
• suspension
• rigid frame
• etc.
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3. Bridges Next classification of bridges
• railroad (railway, tram, funicular, etc.)
• vehicular (road, highway, etc.)
• pedestrian
• material handling
• migration (migration of animal)
function:
• masonry
• concrete
• steel
• timber
• composite
structure materials:
• others
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Design process:
• definition of geometry of the structure,
• definition of the connecting joints (mutual connection of individual
members),
• design of material characteristics,
• design of cross sections of individual members,
• determination of loads and load combinations,
• calculation (computing) of the structure,
• dimensioning of members and connecting joints,
• design (construction drawings) of the structure,
• production of members and blocks of the structure,
• assembly of the structure,
• construction drawings of the structure as built
Calculation models of structures
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can be defined as a model that simulates the behaviour of the real
structure.
Special notice shall be taken to the following definitions:
• geometry
• method of supporting
• materials of used members
• dimensioning of members
• action of loads
Based on this model it is
possible to perform analysis.
Calculation models of structures
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Four fundamental type of elements are used
• bar elements
• surface element
• brick elements
Bar elements
• are idealized by its centre line
• suitable for columns, arches, ties and beams
• the span is not less than 3 times the overall section depth and
width.
• according to behaviour in the structure as follows:
• truss – compressive and tensile normal
forces are dominantly
• beam – is loaded dominantly by the
loads which act predominantly
perpendicular to the centre line
Bar elements model in software IDEA StatiCa
Types of elements
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Walls
• are loaded dominantly in the centre line
• usually serve as bracing members of multi-story
buildings
• section depth exceed 4x its width and the height
is more than 3x the overall section depth Slabs
• are loaded dominantly perpendicular to the
central plane
• minimum dimension is not less than 5x the
overall slab thickness
• act as one-way, two-way of flat slabs (supported
locally by columns)
Types of elements Surface elements – are idealized by their central surface that
are either flat (plates) or curved (shells). Plate elements are
slabs and walls.
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Shells
• are thin-walled spatial structure supported at all edges
• loaded mostly by uniform load acting in the direction
approximately perpendicular to the surface
• we distinguish simple curvature and double curvature
Types of elements Surface elements – are idealized by their central surface that
are either flat (plates) or curved (shells). Plate elements are
slabs and walls.
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Brick elements
• in cases where there are dimensions of the elements of all
direction comparable
• difficult computing
Types of elements
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Elements are usually supported as following:
• roller - are free to rotate and translate along the surface upon
which the roller rest,
• pinned - can resist both vertical and horizontal forces but not a
moment - they will allow the structural member to rotate, but not
to translate in any direction,
• fixed - can resist vertical and horizontal forces as well as a
moment - they restrain both rotation and translation.
Production of calculation models
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Elements are usually connected with each other. We distinguish
• pin connections - has allowed rotation around a distinct axis,
and prevented translation in two direction
• fixed connections - due to the fact that can resist vertical and
lateral loads as well as develop a resistance to moment
• combined connections
Pin and fixed connections are very common
Production of calculation models
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Examples of connection checking by method
CBFEM
Production of calculation models
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• calculation models made from beam elements
are used for steel and timber structures
• in addition to beam elements surface elements
(slabs, walls and shells) are used for concrete
structures
• brick elements are suitable for detailed
calculation models
Production of calculation models
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• exact manual solution – usage at basic tasks
• numerical computer calculation – in practise only this is used –
enables interconnection with drawings, assessments, etc.
Numerical calculations - in building practice they are based on the
finite element method (FEM).
Solution and computing
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Willamette river bridge in Oregon, USA
Examples of FEM models
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Model test of cable supported bridge
Examples of FEM models
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Examples of FEM models
51 Oil tanks in Loukov
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Examples of FEM models
52 Construction work on the pedestrian bridge in Kroměříž
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Examples of FEM models
53 Pedestrian bridge over the Elbe river in Hradec Králové - competition
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Examples of FEM models
54 Tower for strap testing, Dolní Loučky
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2008 Summer Olympic games - The Beijing National Stadium (The bird‘s nest)
Examples of FEM models
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Burj Khalifa -Scyscraper in Dubai
Examples of FEM models
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References
• Procházka, J., Štemberk, P.: Concrete structures 1, Nakladatelství
ČVUT, Praha, 2007
• Procházka, J., Štemberk, P.: Design procedures for reinforced
concrete structures, Nakladatelství ČVUT, Praha, 2009
• Gartner, O., Kuda, R., Procházka, M.: Betonové konstrukce VI –
Zásady pro navrhování betonových konstrukcí, VUT Brno, Brno,
1985.
• Bajer, M., Pilgr, M., Veselka, M.: Konstrukce a dopravní stavby,
Moduly BO01-MO1, Studíjní opory VUT v Brně
• Karmazínová, M., Sýkora, K., Šmak, M.: Konstrukce a dopravní
stavby, Moduly BO01-MO2, Studíjní opory VUT v Brně
• Nečas, R., Koláček, J., Panáček, J.: BL12 - Betonové mosty I –
zásady navrhování, VUT v Brně, Brno, 2014
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WE BUILT TOO MANY WALLS
AND NOT ENOUGH BRIDGES. ISAAC NEWTON
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