Download - Structure and Stratigraphy of Kashmir area
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Abdul Jabbar8th Semester
UAJK
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STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF
SANDAL, SADIQABAD, PIPLI, GHANAIR AND
SANDI AREAS OF DADYAL, DISTRICT MIRPUR, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR,
PAKISTAN
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REGIONAL TECTONIC MAP OF NORTHWEST HIMALAYAS. THE RECTANGLE SHOWS THE LOCATION OF THE AREA. (MODIFIED AFTER BAIG AND LAWRENCE 1987; MONALIZA AND AZAM,(2004)
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OBJECTIVES
• TO PREPARE THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF AREA AT 1:50,000 SCALE
• TO PREPARE THE STRUCTURAL MAP OF AREA AT 1:50,000 SCALE
• TO PREPARE STRUCTURAL CROSS SECTIONS
• TO PREPARE π AND β DIAGRAMS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FOLDS OF THE AREA
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STRATIGRAPHY
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Formation Age Description
Quaternary alluvium
Recent Consist of silt, gravel and unconsolidated deposits of clay
…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Mirpur Formation Pleistocene Consist of conglomerates having cobbles and
pebbles of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks
…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Soan Formation Pliocene Consists of clays, claystone and grey sandstone.
Clays are brown, yellowish grey in colour
Dhok Pathan Formation
Late Miocene Dominantly consists of sandstone, siltstone and clays. Sandstone is grey, fine to medium grained and medium to thick bedded
Nagri Formation Late Miocene Dominantly it consists of greenish grey sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. Sanstone has massive beds and has medium to coarse grained texture. Sandstone alternates with clay and are 70% and 30% respectively.
Chingi Formation Middle to late Miocene
Red to purple, greenish grey, ash grey sandstone and siltstone and purple and reddish brown mudstone. 60% clays and 40% sandstone.
Kamlial Formation Early to middle Miocene
Mainly sandstone, cays and intraformational conglomerates
Murree Formation Early Miocene Mostly clays, shales and sandstone. Sandstone is red to purple red in colour and is fine to medium grained.
Kuldana Formation Middle to Late Eocene
Variegated shales with subordinate sandstone. Shales are arenaceous.
Chorgali Formation Early Eocene Mostly Calcareous shale, limestone and dolomitic limestone
Margalla Hill Limestone
Early Eocene Main nodular fossiliferous limestone with shales
Patala Formation
Late Paleocene Mainly shales interbedded with marl and limestone
Lockhart Formation Early Paleocene Grey to dark grey limestone with subordinate shales
Hangu Formation Early Paleocene
Mainly Laterite, bauxite and fireclay
…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….
Muzaffarabad Formation
Cambrian Mainly Dolomitic limestone with cherty dolomite and chert bands.
…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Dogra Formation Precambrian Slates
REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC TABLE OF KASHMIR BASIN
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Formation Age Description
Alluvium Recent Unconsolidated deposits of clay, silt and gravel.
…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….
Mirpur
Formation
Pleistocene Poorly sorted conglomerates consisting of pebbles, cobbles of
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and clayey matrix.
…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….
Soan
Formation
Pliocene Bentonite clays and conglomerates consisting of fragments of
cherty dolomite, panjal volcanics, granite gneisses, basic dikes/sills
and quartzite veins and compact arenaceous matrix.
Dhok Pathan
Formation
Late
Miocene
Grey, fine to medium grained, medium to thick bedded sandstone
with clay and siltstone. Sandstone 60%and clays 40%.
Nagri
Formation
Late
Miocene
Greenish grey to light grey, massive medium to coarse gained
sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. The sandstone alternate with
clays. The clays are 30-40% and the sandstone is 60-70%.
Chinji
Formation
Middle to
late
Miocene
Red to purple, greenish grey, ash grey sandstone and siltstone,
purple and reddish brown mudstone. Clays are 50-60% and
sandstone is 40-50%.
Kamlial
Formation
Early to
middle
Miocene
Mainly sandstone, clays and intraformational conglomerates
STRATIGRAPHIC TABLE OF THE PROJECT AREA
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KAMLIAL FORMATION
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KAMLIAL FORMATION
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• DOMINANTLY SANDSTONE, SILTSTONE AND MUD STONE
• MEDIUM TO COURSE GRAINED SANDSTONE HAVING CROSS BEDDING.
• HIGH RATIO OF TOURMALINE
• DISTINGUISHING CHARACTER WOOD FOSSILS AND LEAF IMPRINTS AND COALIFICATION.
• AGE OF THE FORMATION IS EARLY TO MIDDLE MIOCENE
KAMLIAL FORMATION
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WOOD FOSSIL IN THE SANDSTONE OF KAMLIALFORMATION. PHOTOGRAPHFACING NORTHWEST.
N
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COALIFICATION IN THE SANDSTONE OF KAMLIALFORMATION. PHOTOGRAPHFACING NORTHEAST.
N
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CHINJI FORMATION
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CHINJI FORMATION
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CHINJI FORMATION
• DOMINANTLY SANDSTONE AND CLAY
• SAND-CLAY RATIO IS 40:60 % RESPECTIVELY
• FORMATION SHOWS THE HIGHEST CLAY CONTENT IN THE SIWALIK GROUP
• SANDSTONE IS MEDIUM TO THINLY BEDDED, FINE TO MEDIUM GRAINED, LIGHT GREY, GREY TO ASH GREY IN COLOR
• COLOR OF THE CLAY IS REDDISH BROWN, BRICK RED AND VIOLET
• THE AGE OF THE FORMATION IS MIDDLE TO LATE MIOCENE
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PHOTOGRAPH SHOWINGVARIEGATED COLOUR CLAYS OFCHINJI FORMATIONPHOTOGRAPH FACING NORTHEAST.
N
N
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NAGRI FORMATION
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NAGRI FORMATION
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NAGRI FORMATION
• DOMINANTLY SANDSTONE AND CLAY
• SAND-CLAY RATIO IS 70:30% RESPECTIVELY
• MASSIVE BEDS OF SANDSTONE
• SALT AND PEPPER TEXTURE AND CLAY BALLS ARE COMMON IN THE
SANDSTONE OF NAGRI FORMATION
• SANDSTONE OF GREENISH GREY COLOR
• AGE OF FORMATION IS LATE MIOCENE
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PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING MASSIVE SANDSTONE OF NAGRI FORMATION. PHOTOGRAPH FACING SOUTHEAST.
N
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DHOK PATHAN FORMATION
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DHOK PATHAN FORMATION
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• CONSISTS OF SANDSTONE AND CLAY
• RATIO OF SAND AND CLAY 50:50 RESPECTIVELY
• CYCLIC BEDDING
• FINE TO MEDIUM GRAINED
• MEDIUM TO THICK BEDDED
• CONGLOMERATE LEVELS ARE PRESENT
• FLASER BEDDING
• AGE OF FORMATION IS LATE MIOCENE
DHOK PATHAN FORMATION
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THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING FLASER BEDDING INDHOK PATHAN FORMATION. PHOTOGRAPH FACING SOUTHEAST.
N
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SOAN FORMATION
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SOAN FORMATION
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SOAN FORMATION• MEDIUM TO THICK SANDSTONE WITH EMBEDDED
CONGLOMERATE LEVELS
• SANDSTONE IS RELATIVELY SOFT, FRIABLE AND LOOSE
• CONGLOMERATES ARE POLYMICT
• ROUNDED TO SUB ROUNDED CONGLOMERATES EMBEDDED IN ARENACEOUS MATRIX
• MOSTLY FOUND CONGLOMERATES OF VOLCANICS, PALEOCENE-EOCENE LIMESTONE, QUARTZITE, GRANITE AND GNEISSES
• AGE OF FORMATION IS LATE PLIOCENE TO EARLY PLEISTOCENE
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CONGLOMERATES OF SOAN FORMATION. PHOTOGRAPHFACING NORTHEAST
N
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MIRPUR FORMATION
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MIRPUR FORMATION
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MIRPUR FORMATION
• THE FORMATION CONSIST OF CONGLOMERATES.
• THE CLAST ARE WELL ROUNDED AND LOOSELY PACKED WITHIN THE CLAYEY AND SILTY MATRIX.
• THE CLASTS OF QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, PUNJAL VOLCANICS AND GRANITE ARE PRESENT IN MIRPUR FORMATION
• THE AGE OF THE FORMATION IS PLEISTOCENE.
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ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY BETWEEN SOAN FORMATION AND MIRPUR FORMATIONPHOTOGRAPH FACINGSOUTHWEST
N
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QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM
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QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM
• CONSIST OF SILT, GRAVEL AND UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS OF CLAY
• LOOSE, LESS CEMENTED AND POORLY SORTED
• THE AREA ARE COVERED WITH VEGETATION OR UNDER CULTIVATION
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THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING RECENT
ALLUVIUM
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STRUCTURE
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FOLDS
1. DONGI SYNCLINE
2. SANDI ANTICLINE
3. RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
4. SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
5. PHERAN DINPUR
ANTICLINE
1. CHILLAYAR FAULT
2. BHALAWAL FAULT
FAULTS
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DONGI SYNCLINE
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DONGI SYNCLINE
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DONGI SYNCLINE
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DONGI SYNCLINE
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DONGI SYNCLINE
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STRUCTURAL DATA OF DONGI SYNCLINE
Attitude of Bedding Trend and Plunge of Fold axis
Attitude of Axial Plane
InterlimbAngle
Type ofFold
Northeastern Limb Southwestern Limb
N50ᵒW/35ᵒSW N40ᵒW/25ᵒNE 2ᵒ/138ᵒ N42ᵒW/86ᵒNE 120ᵒ Open Fold
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P1
P2
N
W E
S
THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF DONGI SYNCLINE
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SANDI ANTICLINE
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SANDI ANTICLINE
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SANDI ANTICLINE
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SANDI ANTICLINE
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SANDI ANTICLINE
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STRUCTURAL DATA OF SANDI ANTICLINE
Attitude of Bedding Trend and Plunge of Fold axis
Attitude of Axial Plane
InterlimbAngle
Type of Fold
Northeastern Limb Southwestern Limb
N28ᵒW/31ᵒNE N30ᵒW/25ᵒSW 0ᵒ/153ᵒ N61ᵒW/88ᵒNE 124ᵒ Gentle Fold
N60ᵒW/31ᵒNE N65ᵒW/32ᵒSW 2ᵒ/117ᵒ N63ᵒW/89ᵒNE 117ᵒ Open Fold
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N
AP
P1
P2
S
EWπ circle
L1
L2
THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF SANDI ANTICLINE
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P1
P2
N
W E
S
π ci
rcle
THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF SANDI ANTICLINE
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RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
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RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
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RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
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RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
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RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
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STRUCTURAL DATA OF RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
Attitude of Bedding Trend and Plunge of Fold axis
Attitude of Axial Plane
Interlimb Angle
Type of Fold
Northeastern Limb Southwestern Limb
N28ᵒW/46ᵒSW N60ᵒW/27ᵒNE 10ᵒ/322ᵒ N40ᵒW/80ᵒNE 107ᵒ Open Fold
N56ᵒW/21ᵒSW N60ᵒW/26ᵒNE 2ᵒ/306ᵒ N58ᵒW/88ᵒNE 133ᵒ Gentle Fold
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P1
P2
N
EW
S
π circ
le
THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
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N
EW
S
P1
P2
π ci
rcle
THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF RAJDHANI SYNCLINE
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SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
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SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
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SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
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SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
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SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
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SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
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STRUCTURAL DATA OF SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
Attitude of Bedding Trend and Plunge of Fold axis
Attitude of Axial Plane
Interlimb Angle
Type of Fold
Northeastern Limb Southwestern Limb
N26ᵒW/08ᵒSW N30ᵒW/15ᵒNE 0ᵒ/334ᵒ N26ᵒW/85ᵒNE 157ᵒ Gentle Fold
N50ᵒW/26ᵒSW N35ᵒW/30ᵒNE 2ᵒ/134ᵒ N46ᵒW/88ᵒNE 124ᵒ Gentle Fold
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THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
P1P2
N
EW
S
π circle
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P1
P2
N
W E
S
π circl
e
THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF SADIQABAD SYNCLINE
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PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
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PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
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PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
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PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
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PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
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PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
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STRUCTURAL DATA OF PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
Attitude of Bedding Trend and Plunge of Fold axis
Attitude of Axial Plane
Interlimb Angle
Type of Fold
Northeastern Limb Southwestern Limb
N80ᵒW/10ᵒNE N60ᵒW/15ᵒSW 2ᵒ/287ᵒ N73ᵒW/56ᵒNE 155ᵒ GentleFold
N70ᵒW/18ᵒNE N60ᵒW/20ᵒSW 2ᵒ/297ᵒ N63ᵒW/88ᵒNE 152ᵒ GentleFold
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P1
P2
N
W E
S
π ci
rcle
THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
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P1
P2
N
EW
S
π ci
rcle
THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE
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FAULTS
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FAULTS
• CHILLAYAR FAULT
• BHALAWAL FAULT
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CHILLAYAR FAULT
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CHILLAYAR FAULT
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CHILLAYAR FAULT
• IT IS A THRUST FAULT WHICH IS NORTHWEST-SOUTHEAST TRENDING AND SOUTHWEST DIPPING
• THE NAGRI FORMATION IS IN THE HANGING WALL BLOCK, WHEREAS THE DHOK PATHAN FORMATION IS IN THE FOOTWALL BLOCK
• IT TRUNCATES WITH THE JHELUM FAULT
• THE ATTITUDE OF FAULT PLANE IN THE PROJECT AREA IS N40°W/37°SW
![Page 90: Structure and Stratigraphy of Kashmir area](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061107/544ce490b1af9f8d338b4743/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING TILTING OF TREES ALONGTHE CHILLAYAR FAULTPHOTOGRAPH FACING SOUTHEAST.
N
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PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING CRUSHED MATERIAL ALONGTHE CHILLAYAR FAULTPHOTOGRAPH FACING NORTHEAST.
N
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CHILLAYAR FAULT
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CHILLAYAR FAULT
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CHILLAYAR FAULT
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BHALAWAL FAULT
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BHALAWAL FAULT
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BHALAWAL FAULT
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BHALAWAL FAULT
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BHALAWAL FAULT
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BHALAWAL FAULT
• THE BHALAWAL FAULT IS A NORTHWEST - SOUTHEAST TRENDING AND NORTHEAST DIPPING.
• THIS FAULT IS A THRUST FAULT.
• THE CHINJI FORMATION IS IN THE HANGING WALL BLOCK, WHEREAS THE NAGRI FORMATION IS IN THE FOOTWALL BLOCK
• IT TRUNCATES WITH JHELUM FAULT
• THE ATTITUDE OF FAULT PLANE IN THE PROJECT AREA IS N42°W/28°NE.
![Page 101: Structure and Stratigraphy of Kashmir area](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061107/544ce490b1af9f8d338b4743/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING BRECCIATED MATERIAL ALONG THE BHALAWAL FAULT.PHOTOGRAPH FACINGNORTHEAST.
N
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PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING DRAG FOLD ALONG THE BHALAWAL FAULT.PHOTOGRAPH FACINGNORTHEAST.
N
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PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING CRUSHED MATERIAL ALONG THE BHALAWAL FAULT.PHOTOGRAPH FACINGSOUTHEAST.
N
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SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
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CROSS BEDDING
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PHOTOGRAPH SHOWINGCROSS BEDDING IN NAGRI FORMATIONPHOTOGRAPH FACINGNORTHEAST.
N
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RIP UPS
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PHOTOGRAPH SHOWINGRIP UPS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SANDSTONE BEDSOF NAGRI FORMATION.PHOTOGRAPH FACINGNORTHEAST.
N
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CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION• THE PROJECT AREA IS BOUNDED BY HIMALAYAN FRONTAL THRUST
IN THE EAST AND NORTHEAST, THE SALT RANGE THRUST RUNS TO THE SOUTH OF PROJECT AREA AND IN NORTH THE AREA IS BOUNDED BY HAZARA KASHMIR SYNTAXIS.
• THE ROCK SEQUENCE IS SEDIMENTARY IN NATURE AND RANGES IN AGE FROM LATE MIOCENE TO RECENT.
• THE AREA IS HIGHLY DEFORMED INTO FOLDS AND FAULTS.
• THE MAJOR FOLDS OF THE AREA ARE DONGI SYNCLINE, SANDI ANTICLINE, RAJDHANI SYNCLINE, SADIQABAD SYNCLINE AND PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE.
• THESE ARE OPEN TO GENTLE IN NATURE. THESE FOLDS ARE NORTHWEST-SOUTHEAST TRENDING AND MOSTLY SOUTHWEST VERGENT.
![Page 112: Structure and Stratigraphy of Kashmir area](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022061107/544ce490b1af9f8d338b4743/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
• THE MAJOR FAULTS OF THE AREA ARE CHILLAYAR FAULT AND BHALAWAL FAULT.
• BOTH OF THESE ARE THRUST FAULTS AND SHOW STRONG DEFORMATION.
• THE OBSERVED SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES IN THE STUDY AREA ARE CROSS BEDDING AND RIP UPS. THESE SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES ARE USED TO DETERMINE THE YOUNGING DIRECTION OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS.
CONCLUSION
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THANKS