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PRESENTED BY:
KERYX NEIL N. LACUATA
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I do not know what I may appear to
the world, but to myself I seem to have
been only like a boy playing on the
seashore, and diverting myself in now
and then finding a smoother pebble
shell than ordinary whilst the great
ocean of truth lay all undiscovered
before me
~ Sir Isaac Newton
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INTRODUCTION
- Knowing a little bit more about the
nature of science as a human activity
is a necessity.
- Beyond scientific research, we must
see its consequences affecting our
way of life and now and even our
future.
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Bertrand Russell (A Great Philosopher)
Science in its beginning was due to men who were inlove with the world. Because they perceived thebeauty of the star, and the sea, of the winds and themountains. their thoughts dwelt upon them, and
they wished to understand the more intimately thana mere outward contemplation made possible. Butstep by step, as science developed, the impulse oflove which gave it birth has been increasingly
thwarted, while the impulse of power, which was atfirst a mere camp follower, has gradually usurpedcommand by virtue of its unforeseen success.
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THE DAWN OF THE FIRST
CIVILIZATION
- It was recorded as the longest period in
history of civilization.
- The first civilization emerged independent ofone another along fertile river valley in:
a. Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates)
b. Egypt (Nile)c. China (Huang ho)
d. India (Indus)
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- The people of the first
civilization were Nomadic.- The mode of life is Adaptation
and Survival.
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STONE AGE : PALEOLITHIC AGE (3000 1000 B.C.) AND
NEOLITHIC AGE (9000 5000 B.C.)
EVIDENCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE PRE HISTORIC TIMES
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY is governed by two
elements:
a. Discovery as the recognition and carefulobservation of a new natural objects or
phenomena.
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b. Technology as a mental process wherein mans
various discovery and observation, combinedand guided b experience, lead to make some
other ways (operations) or means (tools) of
obtaining things useful or profitable.
- The first tool were made of stones, pebbles pre
shaped by nature.
- The discovery of fire (1000 B.C.) in two ways:
a. Lightning struckb. Rubbing of two twigs using dried leaves.
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BRONZE AGE
- 3500 B.C. man learns to use metal.
a. Copper (Container, and other tools)
b. Bronze (weapons)
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EVIDENCES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYDURING ANCIENT TIMES (3500 B.C. 1200 A.D.) IN THE OLD WWORLD
A. SUMMERIAN CIVILIZATIONSUMER
The cradle of the worlds earliest knowncivilization.
- Was an ancient region in southernMesopotamia (Iraq)
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- The region who inhabited b various
tribes of central Asia since 5000
B.C.
- Invented the 1st writing system
called CUNEIFORM (set of words
pictures depicted in symbols made
of triangular marks.)
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- Sexagesimal (Using number 60 as
base) standardized measuring. (360
circle, 1 hour to 60 minutes, 1 minute
to 60 seconds.)- Ziggurats temples, palaces , 1st
architectural master piece of sumerian
people.
- Walled cities.
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BABYLONIA
- Was the 1
st
ancient region borderingthe Tigris and Euphrates.
HAMMURABI (1792 1750 B.C.)
- Great Babylonian leader
- Wrote the Hammurabi code
B. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
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- Babylon as the capital city
BABYLON
- Center of commercial and religion
- Destroyed 689 B.C. by KINGSERRACHERIB of Assyria
- They adapted sexagesimal
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NEBUCHADNEZZAR II
- Made the neo Babylonian empire
(604 632B.C.)
- Ordered to construct the HANGING
GARDEN OF BABYLON AND ISTHAR
GATE
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EGYPT
- Desert country located at northern part
of African continent.
- Divided into 2 parts:
a. Lower Egypt
b. Upper Egypt
C. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
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The Different Periods in Egypt
1. Archaic Period (3100 B.C. 2686 B.C.)
- Hieroglyphics system of writing,
representing individual objects andactions.
- Violet as royalty, highness and power
- Studied the heavenly bodies, SIRIUS as
indicator or rise and fall of the NILE.
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2. The Old Kindom (2868 2181 B.C.)- The golden age in Egypt
- Pyramids ofGizah was constructed(AGE OF PYRAMIDS)
3. Middle Kingdom (2133 1603 B.C.)
- Knowledge of human anatomy,physiology, surgery and medicinal
plants enabled them to master the artand science of embalming their deads.
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4. The New Kingdom (1567 1085 B.C.)
- Improved products
- No money system but trading and
exchanging good is the process ofbusiness.
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D. CRETAN (MINOAN) CIVILIZATION
ISLAND OF CRETE
- Ruled by King Minos 3000 B.C.
- Grandest site ofBronze Age palaces
- Minoans Famous for their artistic skills (
creating statues, ceramics, jewels. Etc..)
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E. GREEK CIVILIZATION
- they systematically separate scientific ideas
from superstition.
- Famous for their PARTHENON.
a. SOCRATES (470 - 399 B.C.)
- Teachings through question and answering.
b. THALES of Miletus (624 574 B.C.)
- Father of Philosophy (nature is composed of or
convertible water)
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c. ANAXAGORAS (500 428 B.C.)
- Matter is composed of countless tiny particles,
each made of dominant substances such as
water which is mixed with the other
substances.
d. EMPEDOCLES (493 433 B.C.)
- Nature as a mixture of four elements; Earth,
Fire, Wind, Water which continuously
combine and separate under the influence ofthe basic forces governing all matter attraction
and repulsion.
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d. HIPPOCRATES ( 400 B.C)
- Was known to be the first to regard medicine
as a science apart from religion.
- He taught that somehow the human body is
capable of healing or repairing itself.
- HIPPOCRATIC OATH that prescribes the
physicians ethical responsibility.
e. GALEN ( 129 199 B.C.)
- A Greek physician, laid down the first medical
theories based on scientific experiments.
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f. ARISTOTLE (384 322 B.C.)
- Engrossed with many areas of science, variety,
structure, and behavior of animal and plants.- Proved the importance of critical observation
and systematic means to identify and classify
organism.g. PYTHAGORAS
- Discovered the numerical ratios, he believedthat the elements of the numbers were the
element of the world.- Pythagorean theorem
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h. PLATO (428 348 B.C.)
- Follower of Socrates, he devoted his life with
philosophy
i. EUCLID
- Father ofGeometry
j. ARCHIMEDES ( 287 212 B.C.)
- Discovered the laws of lever and pulleys.
k. PTOLEMY
- wrote the almagest
- Geo-centric theory
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F. PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
CYRUS THE GREAT (559 530 B.C.) he helped
the Persians to rebelled against the Medes.
CAMBYBES (530 522 B.C.) son of Cyrus,conquered the Egypt.
DARIUS I THE GREAT ( 522 486 B.C.)
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Introduction of monetary system, using goldand silver.
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DARIUS THE III (338 330 B.C.)
- The separation of city and provinces.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT (355 323 B.C.)
- Controlled the Asia Minor (Turkey), he spread
the Greek cultures.
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G. ROMAN CIVILIZATION
GREAT LEADERS
a. JULIUS CAESAR (102 44 B.C.)
b. OCTAVIUS (63 14 A.D.)c. MARK ANTHONY ( 83 30 B.C.)
- Romans excelled in architecture and
engineering.- Roman Numerals
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HADRIAN (117 138 B.C.)
- The most gifted of all roman emperors.- Designed the PANTHEON (Greatest domed
building.)
VESPARIAN (69 79 A.D.)- Made artificial lakes.
NERO (54 68 A.D.)
- Made Colosseum- The crazy emperor
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CONSTANTINE THE GREAT (306 337 A.D.)
- Constantinople as Rome Capital City.
- Byzantine empire (Istanbul,
Turkey)
JUSTINIAN I ( 581 565 A.D.)
- Build the HAGIA SOPHIA (CHURCH OF
W
ISD
OM)
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H. ARABIC /ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
ARABIA
- The land of ARABS, rocky peninsula is
southwest Asia.- HINDU SANSKRIT mode of writing
- Focused on ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA
AL KWARAZMI- Focused on mathematical and astronomical
works.
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I. CHINESE CIVILIZATION
- The people of China first settled along the
river banks of the Huang Ho (Yellow River)
(Loess) and the Yang Tze river.
CONFUCIUS
- Great Chinese Philosopher
- Golden rule
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LAO TZU
- He wrote the Tao Te Ching ( the way ofvirtue)
- Taoism
MENCIUS- Confucius Great Disciple
- He wrote the book of Mencius
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Contributions of CHINA
- paper, ink, printing press, fireworks,.
- The first news paper Peking Gazette, Tang
Dynasty (705 735 A.D.)
- Using of fans, umbrella, chopsticks, kite.
- Great Wall of China
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INDIA
-
known as the land of prayers- First known cities HARRAPA AND
MOHENDRO DARO.
J. INDUS/HINDU CIVILIZATION
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GREATEST CONTRIBUTIONS
- The 4 greatest religions (Hinduism,Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism)
- YOGA (the discipline of mind and body
and soul)- The first fable story, PANCHATANTRA
- MAHABHRATA AND RAMAYANA
- HINDU ARABIC NUMBER, especially thenumber 0
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A. OLMEC CIVILIZATION (MEXICO)
- Famous for their stone images (jaguar like
rigid faces with drooping thick lips and flatnose)
- They use calendars and counting system.
- La Venta Ruins center of architecture , avast clay pyramids and decorated by stonecarvings.
EVIDENCES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DURING PRE COLUMBIAN TIMES (1500 B.C.
1500 A.D.)
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B. MAYA CIVILIZATION (GUATEMALA ANDYUCATAN PENINSULA)
- The Maya priest studies the positions andmotions of the sun, moon, stars, and theplanets from their observatories.
- Developed a unique mathematical systembased on number 20, instead of 10decimal system.
- They made monumental sculptures calledSTELE on which the important dates andevents in their rulers lives were recorded.
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- T
heir garments are embroidered,they cultivated CACAO BEANS to
make CHOCOLATES.
- They improved the BAKING SYSTEMthat they adapted from the Greeks.
- They use herbs and magic in
treating the sick.
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C. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
- Famous for their CHINAMPAS, artificialisland in the shallow water which theycultivated intensely.
- TENOCHTITLAN and TLATELOLCO, greattwin cities.
- CALENDAR STONES , famous carvings,
represented the Aztec universe, 260days calendar.
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- SOLAR CALENDAR, having 18
months and 20 days each plus 5
extra days.
- They used a PICTOGRAPHIC form of
writing.
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D. INCA CIVILIZATION
- The Inca farmers transformed thesteep mountain sides of their
highland into network of terraced
field linked by a system of miles longirrigation canals.
- Improved system of hunting, using
slings, clubs and nets.
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- The works and writings ofARISTOTLE, EUCLID, PTOLEMY
ANDGALEN, were treated as
dogma in the field of science andmathematics.
THE STATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DURING THE MIDDLE AGES (400 1300 A.D. INTHE WESTERN WORLD)
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AL KHWARAZMI expanded and
organized ALGEBRA.AVICENNA authored a
comprehensive encyclopedia titled
THE CANNON OF MEDICINE.
ALHAZEN discovered how vision is
caused by the reflection of the light
objects into our eyes.
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THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOG
DURING THE RENAISSANCE (1300 1600
A.D.)JOHANN GUTENBERG (1394 -1468)
- Invented the movable metal type printing
press.LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452 1519)
- Italian genius who personified the Renaissance
spirit, he deeply engrossed in studyingASTRONOMY, BOTANY, GEOLOGY and
MECHANICS.
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NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 1543)
- A Poland astronomer challenges the oldgeocentric universe of PTOLEMY.
- He wrote his 1st book On the Revolution of
the Heavenly Spheres. 2nd book On the fabric
of Human Body
ANDREAS VESALIUS (1514 1564)
- A brilliant anatomist and surgeon .
- The founder of modern medicine.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1600 1700 A.D.)
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- The observation and gathering of data based
on experimentation.
FRANCIS BACON (1561 1626)
-Revolutionized the medieval way of deductivereasoning.
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GALILEO GALILEI (1564 1662)
- Italian mathematician and astronomer, heapplies scientific method in studyingastronomy.
- Pendulum, Galilean Moons (IO, GANYMEDE,
EUROPA, CALLISTO), phases ofVenus,thermometer.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 1543)
- Polish astronomer, he rejected he geocentrictheory of Ptolemy, believed that the sun isthe center of the solar system.
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RENE DESCARTES (1596 1650)
- French philosopher, physicist andmathematician, founded the science of
analytical geometry.
JOHANNES KEPLER (1571 1630)- He discovers the orbits of the planets,
ELLIPTICAL in nature.
TYCHO BRAHE (1546 1601)- Danish astronomer, he conducted celestial
observations.
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JOHN NAPIER ( 1550 1617)
- Scottish mathematician, he discover
logarithms,
RENE DESCARTES ( 1596 1659)
- Geometry and algebra, and CALCULUS.
GOTTFRIED WHILHELM VON LEIBNIZ
- German mathematician, invented the Leibniz
calculator
DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS
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ISAAC NEWTON ( 1642 1727)
- The 3 laws of motion (inertia, acceleration,action and reaction)
CHRISTIAN HUYGENS (1626 1695)
- Dutch mathematician, he use the pendulumas a time controller in clocks.
HANS LIPPERSHEY (1570 1619)
- The first telescope in Holland is believed toinvented by him a spectacle maker.
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JANS SWAMMERDAM (1637 1732)
- Analyze blood, and discovers red corpuscles.ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK ( 1632 1732)
- Reveals the world of protozoa and
bacteria's, coined with COMPOUNDMICROSCOPE.
MARCELLO MALPIGHI ( 1628 1694 )
- Discovers capillary connections between thearteries and the veins.
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ROBERT HOOKE ( 1635 1703)
- Discovers the law of elasticity, and in 1665he discovers CELL.
EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI ( 1608 1647)
- Italian mathematician and physicist,invented the BAROMETER.
BLAISE PASCAL (1632 1662)
-Invented the mechanical air pump, Pascalcalculator.
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OTTO VON GUERICK (1602 1686)
- He clarified what a VACUUM is, and the role
of air combustion and repulsion.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE
AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (1703 1930
A.D. IN THE MODERN WORLD)ARNOLD TOYNBEE
- A British historian wrote about the industrial
revolution.
JOHN KAY
- Invented the FLYING SHUTTLE, the machine
that enabled cloth weavers to produce cloth
more quickly in greater widths.
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JAMES WATT (1765)
- Scottish engineer, Invented the STEAMENGINE, (WATT unit of power named afterhim).
JOSEPH BLACK
- Discovers the LATENT HEAT.BENJAMIN FRANKLIN(1706 1790)
- American self educated, conducted
experiment in electricity (KITE and the KEY),invented the LIGHTNING ROD. Bifocal glass,and stove.
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LUIGI GALVANI (1780)
- Discovered the electric current could begenerated by two different metals in contactwith the muscle of a frog.
ALESSANDRO VOLTA (1745 1827)
- Disproved GALVANIS experiment, with metalsalone proved that animal tissue was notneeded to produce and electric current.
- Invented the electric battery. (VOLTZ AS UNITOF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE IS NAMED AFTERHIM)
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MICHAEL FARADAY (1791 1867)
- Conduced experiment concerningelectromagnetism. Discovers the electro
magnetic induction. (FARADAY the quantity
of electricity needed to deposit or evolved 1
equivalent weight of an element, named after
him.)
HANS OERSTED (1777 1851)
- Danish scientist, conducted experiments witha magnetic compass.
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ANDRE AMPERE (1775 1836)
- Explained the observed magnetic effects interms of electric currents flowing in small
loops. (AMPERE the unit of electric current
equivalent to a flow of 1 coulombs per
second, named after him).
JOSEPH HENRY ( 1797 1878)
- Powerful electromagnet developed and use to
lift heavy loads.
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SAMUEL B. MORSE (1791 1872)
- Produced the 1st
practical telegraph in 1837,developed he MORSE CODE ( a system of
signals composed of dots and dashes to form
an alphabet.)
ALEXANDER GRAHAMBELL (1847 1922)
- Invented the TELEPHONE.
- BELL in 1915, 1st largest telephone company in
America connecting all parts of the U.S.
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HEINRICH HERTZ (1885 1889)
- German physicist was able to produceelectromagnetic waves in his laboratory, he
also discovers the RADIOWAVES.
GUGLIEMO MARCONI (1874 1937)
- He created a new mass communication device,
THS SYSTEM OF RADIOGRAPHY.
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THANK YOU VERY MUCHTHANK YOU VERY MUCH