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Chapter 2
Cells
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+Introducing Cells…Why Study
Cells?! Activities within cells produce: inherited traits, behaviors, health
! Understanding cell function results in understanding cell dysfunction
! Somatic cells: aka body cells; have two copies of the genome (diploid)
! Gametes: have one copy of the genome (haploid)
! Stem cells: diploid cells that self-replicate
! Types of cells subdivided into three domains:
! Archaea: prokaryote; single-celled; lacks nucleus
! Bacteria: prokaryote; single-celled; lacks nucleus
! Eukarya: eukaryote; single and multi-celled; nucleus and organelles present
! All three contain ribosomes " protein synthesis
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+ Chemical Constituents
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+ My Favorite Protein
Example…Enzymes
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+Other Functions of Enzymes
! Display specificity
! Act as a catalyst
! Are temperature
sensitive
! Are pH sensitive
! Are concentration
sensitive
! Can be inhibited
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+Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
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+Progeria
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Protein-folding associated
diseases include: Alzheimer’s,
Parkinson’s, ALS, type II diabetes
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+Membrane Proteins
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+Cell Division and Death
! Mitosis: division of nuclear material
! Duplicates chromosomes
! Maintains 23 pairs of chromosomes (in somatic cells)
! Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasmic material
! Apoptosis: programmed cell death
! Cell cycle: activities of preparation and completion of cell division
! Cycle is continual, but divided into two stages
! Interphase: non-dividing stage
! Mitosis: division stage
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+Interphase
! G1: synthesis of proteins,
lipids, CHO (needed for new
plasma membranes)
! Varies the greatest
! S: results in two copies of the
chromosomes joined at the
centromere
! G2: occurs following DNAsynthesis, prior to mitosis
! Additional proteins made
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+How a Cell Knows the # of Divisions
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+ Apoptosis: Programmed Cell
Death! Continual process, initialized by activation of a cell membrane
receptor " activation of caspases
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Caspases (within the cell) destroy enzymes necessary for DNAreplication/repair
! Tear apart cytoskeleton " nuclear collapse " condensation of DNA
! Destroy mitochondria
! Flips phosphtidylserine to the external plasma membrane " serves
as an uptake mechanism via macrophages
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Anti-apoptotic proteins bind to and
inactivate pro-apoptotic proteins inhealthy cells" no death
Death receptors on cell surfaces
bind to death signaling molecules
" death