Download - Substation protection basics
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Basics of Substation Protection
Said Salim PalayiAEE,
Electrical Division, KSEB Limited, Manjeri, Kerala, South India
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Protection - Why Is It Needed?
FAULT• Short circuit produced by failure of insulation.
PROTECTION IS INSTALLED TO :• Detect fault occurrence and isolate the faulted equipment.
SO THAT :• Damage to the faulted equipment is limited;• Disruption of supplies to adjacent equipment is minimized.• Danger to staff or the public is avoided
All Power Systems may experience faults at some time.
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Faults Are Mainly Caused By Insulation Failure
Underground Cables
Diggers
Overloading
Oil Leakage
Ageing
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Faults Are Mainly Caused By Insulation Failure
Overhead Lines
LightningKitesTreesMoistureSaltBirdsFailure of discsBroken Conductors
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Faults Are Mainly Caused By Insulation Failure
Machines
Mechanical Damage
Unbalanced Load
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Types of Faultabce
Ø/E
Ø/Ø/E
Ø/Ø
e
abc
3Ø3Ø/E
e
abc
abc
abc
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EQPT / FEEDER
BREAKER
RELAY
BATTERY
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
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Types Of Protection - Principles
Most of the protective relays in substation works in the following principle.
1.Over current Protection 2.Differential Protection3.Pilot wire protection4.Distance Protection
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1. Overcurrent Protection
Requires secure DC auxiliaryNo trip if DC fails
IF'IF
DCBATTERY
SHUNTTRIP COIL
51
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1. Overcurrent ProtectionEarth Fault Relay Connection - 3 Wire System
Combined with OC relays
E/F OC OC OC E/F OC OC
Economise using 2x OC relays
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Over current protection Parallel Feeders
Consider fault on one feeder :-
Relays ‘C’ and ‘D’ see the same fault current (I2). As ‘C’ and ‘D’ have similar settings both feeders will be tripped.
51 A 51C
51 B 51D
LOAD
I1 + I2I1
I2
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Parallel FeedersSolution:- Directional Control at ‘C’ and ‘D’
Relay ‘D’ does not operate due to current flow in the reverse direction.
51 A 67C
51 B 67D
LOAD
I1 + I2I1
I2
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Establishing Direction:- Polarising Voltage
The DIRECTION of Alternating Current may only be determined with respect to a COMMON REFERENCE.
The most convenient reference quantity is POLARISING VOLTAGE taken from the Power System Voltages.
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Polarizing Voltage for Directional Over current Relay
IA
VA
90
VBVC
MAX SENSITIVITYLINEOPERATE
IA FOR MAXSENSITIVITYRESTRAIN 45
45
135
VA
VBC VBC
RELAY CURRENTVOLTAGE
A IA VBC
B IB VCA
C IC VAB
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Residual Voltage for E/F RelayMay be obtained from ‘broken’ delta V.T. secondary.
VRES = VA-G + V B-G + VC-G = 3V 0
ABC
VRES
VC-GVB-GVA-G
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Application of Overcurrent Protection
Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection is used.•HT lines•Transformers•Generators•Reactors•Capacitor Banks•Motors•Neutral displacement relays in capacitor banks•EHT lines (Directional overcurrent &E/F)•Breaker failure Protection
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2. Differential Principle
It works on the principle of comparing the current entering and leaving a protected object. If there is a difference, It is assumed that there is some internal fault and relay operates according to the setting
Protected object
Relay
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Differential Protection Principle (1)
ProtectedCircuit
R
P1 P2
S2 S1P1P2
S2S1
External fault - Current circulates between the HV & LV CTs; no current thro’ the relay No Trip
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Differential Protection Principle (2)
ProtectedCircuit
R
For an internal fault the unbalanced current flows thro’ the relay So Relay operates
P1P1 P2P2
S1S1 S2S2
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Differential Relays are used for Transformers Generators
Application of Differential Relay
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Restricted Earthfault Protection Increased sensitivity for earth
faults REF elements for each transformer winding
CTs may be shared with differential element
Uses differential principle
6464
64
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Restricted Earthfault Protection
P1S1
P2S2
P1S1
P2S2P1S1
P2S2
P1
P2
S1
S2
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of transformer
REF Case I : Normal Condition
Under normal conditions no current flows thro’ RelaySo, No Operation
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Restricted Earthfault ProtectionREF Case II : External Earth Fault
External earth fault - Current circulates between the phase & neutral CTs; no current thro’ the relay
So, No Operation
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Restricted Earthfault ProtectionREF Case III : Internal Earth Fault
For an internal earth fault the unbalanced current flows thro’ the relay
So, Relay Operates
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Bus bar protection Relay
• Bus bar protection works on the differential principle.
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Single bus - Busbar Protection
BUSBARZONE
F1
• Fast clearance by breakers at the busbars
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3. Pilot wire Protection using OFC communication
Relay at End ‘B’ measures current and transmits the value to Relay at end ‘A’ thru optical fibre cable. Relay ‘A’ compares measured value and the value recived from ‘B’.
If both values are same, relay keeps restraint state. If there is difference in values. Relays operates.
A B
R RRelayin
gPoint
Trip A
Trip B
CommunicationChannel
RelayingPoint
PGCIL Areakode S/S
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Pilot wire protection
Used for – EHT cables – short distance EHT transmission lines
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4.Distance• . Distance
For : Transmission and Sub-Transmission CircuitsAlso used as Back-up Protection for Transformers and Generators
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Impedance Relay
Operate
IF
VF
Restrain
Spring
Trip
zF
Ampere Turns : VF IZ
Trip Conditions : VF < IFZ
jIX
IZ V1V2V3
IR
TRIP STABLE
Voltage to Relay = VCurrent to Relay = IReplica Impedance = ZTrip Condition : S2 <
S1where : S1 = IZ Z
S2 = V ZFIncreasing VR has a Restraining Effect VR called Restraining VoltageIncreasing IR has an Operating Effect
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Basic Principle of Distance Protection
LOADLRRR Z Z V Zmeasured Impedance
RelayPT.
Normal Load
IR ZLZS
VRVS ZLOAD
The relay is set based on the line impedance.The measured ZR is more than the relay
setting Z , hence relay restrains
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Basic Principle of Distance Protection
Fault
IRZS
VRVS ZLOAD
ZL
ZF
Impedance Measured ZR = VR/IR = ZF
Relay Operates if ZF < Zwhere Z = setting
Increasing VR has a Restraining Effect VR called Restraining Voltage
Increasing IR has an Operating Effect
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• It is assumed that there will be an error up to 20% in distance relay measurements.
• Hence distance relay setting is divided into Zones • Normally 3 zones are for dist. Relay• Zone-1 is instantaneous and covers 80% of protected
line.• Zone- 2 covers 120% of line & is normally with 0.4 s time
delay• Zone -3 covers next line from the substation also & 0.75
seconds timedelay.
Distance Protection - Zones
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Zones of Protection
RA
D
CB
Z1A
Z2A
Z3A
jX
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Zones of Protection
Z2A Z2C
Z3A Z3C
Time
T3
T2
Z1CZ1A
Z1B DCA
Z2BT2
Z1A = 80% of ZAB
Z2A = 120% of ZAB
Z3A(FORWARD) = 120% of {ZAB + ZCD}
B
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Distance Relay -features
POWER SWING BLOCKING Provides Stability during Power swing.
VT SUPERVISION Blocks tripping of Distance Relay when VT supply fails.
SOTF (Switch- On-To-Fault.) Function enables high speed tripping when line is energized to a persisting fault.
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AUTORECLOSINGMAINTAINS STABILITY AND SUPPLY BY FAST RECLOSING OF THE TRIPPED FEEDER.
CARRIER INTERTRIPS are provided for fast clearance of faults for entire line.
Distance Protection- features
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Distance Relay Applications
• Transmission lines• Sub transmission line• Backup protection for generators
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Other type of relays used in substation
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1.Under / Over Voltage Relays
– Used for protection of capacitor banks.– Under voltage relays are also used for interlocking of line
Earth switches.
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2.Under Frequency Relays
– Monitors the frequency of Power system– Initiates commands for load shedding if system goes
below specified value.
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3.DC supervision
DC supervision relay– Indicates the failure of DC supply to the panel.– DC source holds the flag in reset condition– When DC fails, the flag drops. – N/C contact is wired to the annunciator for alarm.– N/O contact is wired to the SCADA
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4.AC supervision relay
• Indicates the failure of AC to the panel.• AC is necessary for the operation of space
heaters.
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5.Overfluxing Relay
Low frequency High voltage Geomagnetic disturbances
Causes
Over fuxing = V/F
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Overfluxing Relay
Transient Over fluxing - Tripping of differential element Prolonged Over fluxing - Damage to transformers
Over flux relay measures V/f ratio and in it gives alarm in stage-1 (usually set at 110%)
It gives trip signal in stage-2 (set at 120%)
Effects
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6.Master Trip Relay• It will transfer the actuation of trip signal from
relays to the circuit breaker• A circuit breaker normally open (52a) contact
is used to interrupt trip coil current. This saves trip coil from burning out due to continuous current flow.
• Burning of trip coil may happen if this contact is faulty.
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7.Trip circuit supervision
• It gives supervision of trip circuit healthiness• Pre close supervision checks the
healthiness of CB when the CB is open condition. (It is wired through the Normally Closed ( 52b) auxiliary contact of the CB).
• Post close supervision checks the healthiness of CB when the CB is in Closed condition. (it is wired though Normally Open ( 52b) auxiliary contact of the CB)
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8.Pole discordance relay
• Used in CBs with single pole tripping• This relay confirm whether all poles are
Opened or Closed, if not it will generate a trip signal.
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pole discordance relay scheme
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9.Breaker Failure Protection (LBB)A PROTECTION WHICH IS DESIGNED TO CLEAR A SYSTEM FAULTY BY INITIATING TRIPPING OTHER CIRCUIT BREAKER(S) IN THE CASE OF FAILURE TO TRIP OF THE APPROPRIATE CIRCUIT BREAKER.
IN MODERN NETWORKS THE CRITICAL FAULT CLEARING TIME MAY BE LESS THAN 200ms. HENCE, IF THE FAULT IS NOT CLEARED DUE TO FAILURE OF THE PRIMARY PROTECTIVE RELAYS OR THEIR ASSOCIATED CIRCUIT BREAKER, A FAST ACTING BACK-UP PROTECTIVE RELAY MUST CLEAR THE FAULT.
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LBB/BFR FLOW CHART
MAIN PROTECTIONOPERATED
YES
YES
TRIP MAINBREAKER
INITIATE BFR
WAIT FOR FAULT CLEARENCE
AND
FAULT CLEARED
YES
NO
RESET BREAKER FAILURE SCHEME
TRIP BACK-UP BREAKERS
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10.Low SF6 alarm/lockout
Stage-1 : Alarm•Alarm stage indicates the inadequate gas pressure inside CB.Stage-2 :Lockout.•Lock out stage blocks the operation of CB. No tripping or closing will happen then.
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11.Control Relays
• Auto-Reclose Relay Used to auto reclosing of EHT feeders
• Tap change control RelayUsed for regulating the output voltage of transformer by raising/lowering the tap
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12. Transformer Accessories • 1) Buchholz Relay.• 2) Oil Temperature Indicator.• 3) Winding Temperature Indicator.• 4) Magnetic Oil Level Gauge ( MOLG).• 5) Pressure relief device ( PDR).
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Oil temperature Indicator.
• Indicates the temperature of the oil inside transformer.
• Gives alarm/Trip signal
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Wednesday, May 3, 2023
Sensing device
Temperature indicator
Capilary tube
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Oil Temperature Indicator
Fitted on the Thermometer pocket.
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Winding Temperature relay
• Give indications about the temperature of winding temperature of oil.
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WTI with HOT spot simulation CT arrangement.
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FAN CONTROL CUBICLE
S1=alarm S2=trip
S3=cooler control 1S4=cooler control 2
Winding temperature indicator
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12.2 Pressure Relief Device (PRD)
• When pressure inside transformer exceeds the PRV will operate to release excessive pressure inside the transformer.
• It issues a trip command and visual indication by operation of a liver (from horizontal position to vertical position)
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Spring Operated Pressure relief device
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12.3 Buchholtz relay
• Mechanical relay which has two mercury switches.
• When gas enters the chamber the position of switches deflects and it will make alarm in stage-1 and trip in stage-2 in Main tank Buchholz relay.
• Only trip signal is provided in OLTC buchholz relay.
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Buchholz Relay Installation
5 x internal pipediameter (minimum)
3 x internal pipediameter (minimum)
Transformer
3 minimum
Oil conservator
Conservator
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Buchholtz Relay arrangement.
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12.4 MAGNETIC OIL LEVEL GAUGE (MOLG)
• Mounting 15 0 Inclination.• The movement of the float is transmitted to
the pointer by using a magnetic coupling.• The follower magnet follows the driving
magnet.• The driving magnet remains inside the
conservator and the other magnet out side the conservator.
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Wednesday, May 3, 2023
EMPT
Y
1/41/
23/
4FULL
MOLGFLOATING MEMBER
PERMANENT MAGNET
BEARING