Download - Superconductivity UK
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Superconductivity UK
Dr. Philip Sargent, Diboride Conductors Ltd.
Commercial markets forsuperconducting motors
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Conectus Roadmap – 4K
pre-commercial: R&D, prototypes, field-testsemerging marketmature market
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Conectus Roadmap 4K – 77K
pre-commercial: R&D, prototypes, field-testsemerging marketmature market
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34%
Earlymajority
Time of adoption of innovations
Earlyadopters
2.5%Innovators
34%
Latemajority
16%Laggards
13.5%
Chasm
“Immature” solution No “killer application”
Adoption of Innovations
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Large-scale Innovation
R&D
Demonstration
Pre-commercial
Supportedcommercial
Commercial
Technologypush
Marketpull
UK Innovation Systems for New and Renewable Energy Technologies, June 2003. ICCEPT
Motors?
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SuperconductivityPower Markets (ISIS)
2003
DC
Power
2015
2010
2020
$20b
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ISIS 2002
$38b by 2020
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MRI – but why not motors?
• NMR: MRI (software)
• Magnets, 4.2K He• 1.5T typical
(3T Siemens pictured)
$4 billion/y
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Benefits of SC motors
• High power density• High partial load efficiency• Low noise (air core)• Superior negative sequence capability• Excellent transient stability• Low synchronous reactance - small load angle• Low harmonic content• Cyclic load insensitivity• Low maintenance
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150kW Reliance Motor
Racetrack coils forming the rotor.
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746kW Motor: July 2000
AMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of AMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of High EfficiencyHigh Efficiency Design DesignAMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of AMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of High EfficiencyHigh Efficiency Design Design
Key Product Key Product DevelopmentDevelopmentBenchmark…Benchmark…
B2223 Wire B2223 Wire 1,800 rpm1,800 rpm 97.1% Efficiency 97.1% Efficiency 1,600 hp peak load1,600 hp peak load
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3.7 MW Motor: July 2001
Designed by AMSC to Designed by AMSC to Reduce Manufacturing CostsReduce Manufacturing Costs
Designed by AMSC to Designed by AMSC to Reduce Manufacturing CostsReduce Manufacturing Costs
B2223 Wire B2223 Wire 1,800 rpm1,800 rpm 97.2% Efficiency 97.2% Efficiency at full load 5,000hpat full load 5,000hp 7,000 hp peak load7,000 hp peak load
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Liq.Neon motors
• AMSC motor• Siemens motor
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Timeline
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Targets
• Copper: 6 – 22 $/kA.m (400 to 100 A/cm2)• B2223: 100 $/kA.m (at 27K)
Device kA/cm2 T $/kA.m
Motor 105 4 10
Generator 105 4 10
Dick Blaugher, NREL
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AC Power Superconductors
Refigeration Energy Consumption
Carnot Thermodynamics
0 20 40 60 80
Temp (K)
En
erg
y C
on
su
mp
tio
n
MotorOperating RangeHigher running costs,
lower wire costs
Lower running costs,uses more wire
Higher running costs = Higher cryogenic capital costs Higher magnetic field
capability
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Temperatures
0 20 40 60 80
T (K)
He
H
Ne
O
N
CO
Liquid Phase at 1 atmosphere
Operating Range
Cryogen Gap
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Cryogenic Cooling Costs
Ideal Energy Consumption
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
0 20 40 60 80
Temp (K)
EC
Carnot
Sterling27K
77K
10.1x
70.4x
4K
2.9x
14x 9x
30
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Capital costs 1 MW machine
• Cryogenic systems are ~4-6 $/W (electric)• Cold-side losses are 50W+0.03 W/kW, so
for a 1MW motor are 80W at 27K, requires a 6kW (e) cryocooler if 8% Carnot eff.
• Thus cryogenics costs ~$40k since it must be priced to the peak load
• Energy saved > $7k a year• So a 6-year payback period. (NPV is worse)
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Cryogenic arguments
• New work in neon cryogen systems seems sensible
• Conduction-cooled machine designs need exploring 20-24K and 27K-35K
• Thermal reservoirs need investigating• Reducing the capital cost of cryogenics is more
important than their efficiency for motor markets• Industrial markets for motors depend on
cryogenics costs more than on superconductor costs or properties – even at 77K.
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Mulholland ORNL Model
Assumed by analogy with other fibresB2223/YBCO Wire cost ($/kA.m)
Magnesium Diboride
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Mulholland ORNL Model June 2003
Assumed market growth rates
Motors >370kW
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Mulholland ORNL Model
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Mulholland ORNL Model
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Motor Markets
• Energy efficiency argument is true, but cost savings undermined by cryogenics capital cost.
• Market will depend on size and weight benefits.
• Manufacturing benefits of reduced size: production line instead of build in-situ but early adopters will be build to order
companies
• Transport applications, self-weight issues, volume (drag) issues.
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Shipping
• $2 billion market in 20MW ships motors by 2010
• Reliability of cryogenics also an issue
• Superconducting generators too in due course
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Superconducting Mag-Lev Trains ?
• Best for 330 – 500 km/h, 300-500km, acceleration
• Linear electric drive..
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…or TGV and Eurostar ?
• Mag-lev in Shanghai uses conventional Cu/Fe
• Maybe the next time the Eurostar is re-engined, it will be with superconducting motors.
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Thankyou
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Mag-Lev Train in Service 2003
• Shanghai airport
• 430 km/h
• 30 km
• Copper coils not s/c
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Minesweepers
• Ray guns or trains ?
• Military uses
• Launchers
• Minesweepers System ControlsEnergy Storage
Power ConvertersLaunch Motor
Power Inverters
Electro-Magnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)Concept
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HPM & Crowd Control
• Directed Energy High Power Microwave, “progressive penalty munitions”• Eureka Aerospace proposes a novel approach for denying ground vehicles the entrance
to selected area by stopping them using a microwave system for stopping vehicles (MSSV).
• The proposed system consists of high power source, such as magnetron and suitable antenna to direct the microwave energy towards the vehicle and bring the vehicle to rest, without causing permanent damage to the vehicle or pose any danger to humans. The MSSV can be deployed in a variety of places including (1) an airborne platform such as helicopter…
• In March 2001, at its base in Quantico, Virginia, the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD) unveiled its latest non-lethal weapon. The Vehicle Mounted Active Denial System (VMADS) which works through a special transmitter that fires two second bursts of focused microwave energy that causes a burning sensation on the skin of people up to 700 yards away. The beam penetrates less than a millimetre under the skin, heating the skin's surface but causing no burn marks.
• High power, low volume, low weight generators; low loss electrical conductors, high Q cavities
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Transformers: a big prizeCost of Ownership in $/kW
2000 ABB SPI Phase I Analysis
Cu (300 K)@ 300 A/cm2
HTS (68 K) MgB2 (25 K)
Losses 60
Cryo -
Wire 5
Total 65
5
25
50
80
5 5
34
8
48
Paul Grant EPRI
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Magnets: Quench
• “Rutherford” cable
• >2000 Nb-Ti filaments
• in Copper
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