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Support for Out of Africa model mtDNA analysis from 53 humans of
varied ethnic backgrounds Data suggest all had a common
ancestor about 170,000 years ago Distinct branch on the tree about 52,000
years ago, separating Africans from non-Africans
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Homo neanderthalensis Appeared in northern Europe about
230,000 years ago Cold-adapted Taxonomic affinities poorly understood
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Europe About 34,000 years ago, Homo
neanderthalensis abruptly disappeared Tool makers Lived in huts or caves Dead buried with flowers, food and weapons
Replaced by H. sapiens (Cro-Magnon man) Cro-Magnon man had a lighter body Cave art Probably had full language capabilities
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Homo neanderthalensis
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North America H. sapiens reached North American
about 13,000 years ago
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Brian Sykes
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Chardonnay grapes
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France
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Australia
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South Africa
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Chile
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California
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South African fynbos
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South African fynbos
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South African fynbos
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Mediterranean garrigue
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Mediterranean garrigue
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California chaparral
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California chaparral
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Australian kwongan
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Australian kwongan
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Chilean mattoral
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Common features of these habitats Hot, dry summers and wet, mild winters All about the same latitude Fire-resistant shrubs with hard leaves Shrubs often with spines
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Mediterranean communities The five communities contain more
plant species than tropical Africa and Asia combined
The south European-north African Mediterranean community alone has 20,000 species of angiosperms (out of a total of 250,000 world-wide)
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Mediterranean communities
Despite the similarity of the flora, there is little taxonomic affinity among the communities
Rather, each community has species derived from endemic ancestors In southern Europe, oaks dominate In South Africa, heathers dominate In Australia, wattles dominate
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Mediterranean communities Wine tastes the same because it is the same Native plants look the same but are distinct The likeness of fynbos, kwongan, mattoral,
chaparral and garrigue reflects five independent responses to the force of natural selection
The native flora, not wine grapes, make the case for evolution
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Cape May Warbler
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Common Yellowthroat
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American Redstart
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Chestnut-sided Warbler
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Willow Warbler
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Wood Warbler
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Greenish Warbler
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Chiff-chaff
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Red Kangaroo
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Wombat
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Thylacine
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Tasmanian Devil
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Quoll
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Sugar glider
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Cuscus
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Australian mole
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Australian mouse
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Wallace’s Line
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Oregon salamander
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Sierra Nevada salamander
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Yellow-eyed salamander
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Yellow-blotched salamander
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Large-blotched salamander
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Monterey salamander
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Painted salamander
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Herring Gull
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Lesser Black-backed Gull
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