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Supporting the Woman with an Epidural
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Slide layout and designby
Gertrude L. Welsh, CNM
Penny Simkin, PT
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Light and Late Segmental Epidural Block1. IV Fluids +
Pitocin
Infusion Pump EFM
2. Continuous BP Cuff3. O2 Mask
4. Bladder Catheter + Bag
5. Scalp Electrode
6. IUPC
Plus (not shown) : 7. Epidural catheter + syringe8. Pulse Oximeter9. EKG
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Research Findings: Outcomes of Labors with Epidurals -Eltzschig et al, NEJM, 1/03
Due to: inability to push; fetal OP position at delivery; in teaching hospitals, without indication, to teach residents; (Delayed pushing reduces instrumental delivery)
Yes↑Instrument delivery
Trials flawed by little difference between groups (“early” = 3 cm; “late” = 4 cm)
?↑ C/S w. early (vs late) epidural
Trials flawed by high cross-over rates; findings influenced by different ob. practices (re: duration of labor, protocols for Pit, etc.)
?↑ C/S rate
CommentsYes/No
Outcome
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For maternal fever, newborn tachycardia, increase in newborn temperature.
Yes↑ NB septic workups and antibiotics
3 British studies; we need U.S. studies (differences in pushing positions?)
No↑ P-P back pain
4 x (15% vs 4%) more Tº>100.4º F overall, & 5 x (24% vs 5%) in nullips(1 study, 1999); Due not to infection, but to alteration in production and dissipation of heat.
Yes↑Maternal Tº >100.4ºF
On average, adds one hour, more with less aggressive use of Pitocin
YesProlonged labor?
CommentsYes/ No
Outcome
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3% of all epidurals are inadvertent spinals, 2.1% of which become spinal headaches
Yes↑ Spinal headache
Am Soc Anes now recommends “limited” amounts of clear liquids w. an epidural.
No↑Maternal aspiration of gastric acid
Is OP caused by the epidural, or do more women w. OPs have epidurals?
Yes↑ Fetal OP at delivery
CommentsYes/ No
Outcome
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Joint Statement: American College of Obstetricians
& Gynecologists and
American Society of Anesthesia
“A woman’s request for pain relief is sufficient medical indication
for its use.”
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Prehydration with IV Fluids
• Anesthesiologists now question the routine practice of a preload bolus of 500-1000ccs of Ringer’s Lactate.
• Why? There is no evidence that it prevents drops in blood pressure.
• New recommendations: Reduce the preload to avoid fluid overload.
• --Frolich M. Review: Crystalloid prehydration: Time to change our practice? SOAP. (www.soap.org/newsletters/spring2003/crystal.html)
• [Cochrane Review says not enough evidence to know]
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Reducing Side-Effects of an Epidural
•Remind her she is in labor –point out contractions –have her feel them
with her fingers.–point out baby
movements•Attend to other discomforts •Prepare her for pushing.
Woman almost “forgets” she is in labor—
– focuses on other discomforts– challenging later, when it is time to push her baby out.
How to reduce the effect
Possible associated effect of an epidural
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Reducing the Side-Effects of an EpiduralHow to reduce the effect
Possible associated effect of an epidural
• Prior warning in class• Summon help• Speak calmly
– Acknowledge her feeling that she is not breathing
– Reassure her that she can breathe
• Coach her through each breath.
High anesthesia level; woman feels frightened, as if she can’t breathe
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Reducing the Side-Effects of an EpiduralHow to reduce the effects
Possible associated effects of an epidural
•Apply cool washcloths– where body is numb?– where body is not numb?
•Warm blankets?•Lower room temperature?
Fever (prevention and treatment).
•Look for bulge above pubic bone;
•Keep track of voiding; draw attention to it.
Full bladder, esp. w. IV fluids -- can slow labor.
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How to reduce the effectsPossible associated effects of epidural
• Change mother’s position• Delay pushing until UTP or
head is on perineum• Let epidural wear off?• Use monitor for biofeedback
as she bears down:- Call out toco numbers
-“Go for 80, 90, 120! Great!”- “Now, breathe for the
baby”- Repeat
Persistent malposition, asynclitism
Ineffective pushing
Reducing the Side-Effects of an Epidural
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“Trial-pushing”“Hold breath, strain 5-7 sec” x 3
If/when head is visible:directed pushing
(contraction monitor for feedback?)
↓ EpiduralSleep or rest up to 1 to 2 hours
(assess FHT for early decels and observe for perineal bulging)
Instructions for Delayed Pushing with an EpiduralWith an Epidural
Complete Dilation
Mother feels pressure
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Reducing the Side-Effects of an EpiduralHow to reduce the effects
Possible associated effects of an epidural
• Prevent joint strain by ALWAYS respecting the limits of her joints; don’t strain, jerk, or twist her trunk or limbs.
• Support numb limbs, when assisting with position changes or with pushing.
• Protect your back & joints
Long-term postpartum backache, other joint pain
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Emotional Reactions When Laboring with an Epidural
• Does absence of pain equal absence of distress?– Research findings– Personal observations
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Distress from pain shifts to concerns over other things
-- Length of labor– Numbness, other discomforts– Feeling of helplessness, passivity– Baby’s well-being– Difficulty pushing– Tension in room (with drop in BP, fever,
slow progress) (Wuitchik, et al. Pain 41:125, 1990)
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Graph of Labor Emotions with an Epiduralby Penny Simkin
Descent
1st stage Time (2-24 hr)
2nd stage 3rd stage
+4
+3
+2
+1
-1
Focus on other discomforts
Increased T°, ↑ FHT
No fluids?Rest & Wait
Getting Epidural
Decision
Dilation
Reluctance/inability to push
No feedback“I can’t!”
Passive descent? or “purple pushing”
Rectal pain
Instrumental deliveryIt’s Over!
123456789
10
“Where is everyone?”Pain Relief!!!
0
The Wait
Breakthrough pain( dosage)
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Men and Epidurals
Chapman LL. Expectant Fathers and Epidurals. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs2000;25:133-138
• Qualitative research study of 17 fathers’ experiences during labors in which their partners received an epidural
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Two major concepts
1. “Losing her”— period before the woman receives the epidural
– Woman becomes• Progressively less communicative• Exhausted• In greater pain
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Two major concepts (cont.)
– Father feels increasingly•Anxious•Frustrated •Helpless
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Two major concepts (cont.)
2. “She’s back” – period after the woman’s pain is relieved
– Woman becomes “herself” again behaving in her usual way
– Father feels • Relieved• Less worried• Can enjoy labor
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Chapman’s Conclusions
• Childbirth education should describe women’s responses to advancing labor to reduce the father’s negative feelings
• Labor nurses should remain in the room and explain what is happening and how to help
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Conclusion
• Care of the woman with an epidural
should include
– Reduction of undesirable side effects
– Attention to her psychosocial needs
©P Simkin 2002