Download - Surveillance And Power
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Evil Surveillance or Surveillance of Evil
Week 11 CULT1110
A/Prof Marj Kibby
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Discipline & Punishment
Eighteenth-century torture:
• the body as the major target of penal repression,
• punishment as a
public spectacle.
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Penal Process
• Punishment becomes abstract. • Its effectiveness results from its inevitability,
not from its visible intensity.• The mechanics of punishment changes its
mechanisms. • A ‘carceral’ culture where discipline is
invisible and internalised.
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Surveillance
Foucault talks of a ‘panoptic modality of power’
• the use of surveillance as a way to manage and control our ‘bodies’ – our behaviour; our understanding of one another; to establish right versus wrong etc.
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Self-surveillance
• The model of the Panopticon was proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th Century.
• The aim of this penal architecture was for inmates to control their own behaviour thus creating self-surveillance.
• The logic of the panopticon is that it disposes people to monitor their behaviour.
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Surveillance
• Conventional understanding as a hierarchical system of power — snooping, prying and privacy invasion.
• Surveillance — from the French “to watch over”
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Surveillance Society
The present, not the future. 24/7.• Loyalty cards• Electronic tags• Metadata• ID and access cards• Biometrics• Mobile phones • CCTV• Email, web access and status updates
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Loyalty cards
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Electronic tags
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Metadata
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ID & Access Cards
Assessment via captured data:
• Databases used
• Books borrowed
• Participation in Bb
• Time in student union
• Submission date/time
• Sporting venues used
• Labs and facilities used
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Biometrics
Biometrics comprises methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits.
Walt Disney World is the USA's largest single commercial application of biometrics.
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Mobile telephony
For mobile social networks, texted location information or mobile phone tracking can enable location-based services to enrich social networking.
Geolocation on web-based social network services can be IP-based or use hotspot trilateration.
Mobile phone tracking tracks the current position of a mobile phone even on the move, by linking the signal strength or weakness to nearby antenna masts.
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Surveillance Process
Focus on pre-emptive solutions to social problems has had consequences:
• Social sorting.
• Unintentional control.
• Data meshing.
• Blurring of public/private
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Social sorting
Sorting of the population into different categories.
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Unintentional control
Efficiency overload:
• Intention to manage efficient and rapid flows of people, goods and information.
• Outcome of reducing
choice.
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Data meshing
Partnership arrangements between agencies:
• Boundaries that enhance personal control of information disappear.
Income, lifestyle, life-stage, personal information, combine to give a
complete picture of an individual.
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Blurring of Public/Private
• Where state information is available for private use there are concerns about the limits of consent.
• Privatisations of penal system, telecommunications, border
management, and local security.
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CCTV:You Are Being Watched
• Closed circuit television came to Britain in 1967, when a small tea house in London introduced a basic black and white camera to see if the patrons were taking too many tea cakes.
• 40 years on and Britain has more public surveillance cameras than any other country on earth. It’s reckoned that some people are caught on camera 375 times a day.
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Surveillance
• Benefits in catching criminals acknowledged, though debate over prevention of crime.
• Infringement on civil liberties.
• Potential for misuse;– Inadvertent– Misguided
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Who is watched?
• Six hundred and ninety eight people were surveilled as of primary concern.
• 7% were women
• Over-representation of black youth and the ‘scruffy’ or ‘subcultural’
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Who is watching?
• Actions based on targets' behaviour or appearance being 'out-of-place' in the operator's 'normative ecology'.
• Thus male on male violence was often reported to police but not violence to women from men they were with.
• So even if surveillance systems are all seeing they are not all knowing.
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James Bulger Case
• The CCTV cameras that caught James Bulger being led away became a chilling indication of a world where surveillance is everywhere but disengaged - a world that sees everything but fails to respond.
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Is anyone watching?
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Visibility/Invisibility: The Failure of Surveillance
Important factors include:
• the visual representation – of the victim,– of the perpetrators – of the crime itself
These factors both fueled a desire to interpret the crime, but also worked to inhibit any interpretation.
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Smart Technology
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Peer Surveillance
Surveillance as a mutual, horizontal practice.
Not Big Brother but millions of cameras and recorders in the hands of millions of Little Brothers and Little Sisters.
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• Speed and breadth of access are the best allies of transparency – the Internet provides both.
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Privacy Publicity Buzz
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Self-surveillance
• Impression of privacy.
• Apparently ephemeral.
• Social and cultural capital.
• Empowering exhibitionism
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Empowering Exhibitionism
• By voluntarily revealing very personal details, people claim the right to publish their own lives.
• Visibility becomes a tool of self-empowerment.
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Blurring of Boundaries
• Invisible audiences
• Multiple audiences
• Convergence
• Erosion of privacy
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Invisible audiences
• A Quebec woman on long term sick-leave after a diagnosis of depression, had her benefits cancelled after posting photos of herself on the beach and at a Chippendales’ show on her Facebook profile.
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Multiple audiences
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Convergence
Sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, MySpace, Wikipedia, digg, delicious, YouTube, and flickr are used for different purposes.
• Like time-lapse video or photographs through a microscope, these images of social networks offer glimpses of everyday life from an unconventional vantage point.
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The Evolution of Privacy on Facebook
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The Evolution of Privacy on Facebook
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The Evolution of Privacy on Facebook
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The Evolution of Privacy on Facebook
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The Evolution of Privacy on Facebook
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The Evolution of Privacy on Facebook
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People Sleeping at U of N
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Empowering exhibitionism