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Surveys on violence against Surveys on violence against women overcoming women overcoming methodological hurdlesmethodological hurdles
Henrica A. F. M. (Henriette) Jansen [email protected]
Expert Workshop on Violence against Women – Disabling Development
Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
25-26 March 2010, Geneva
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A real example A real example National ‘survey on
domestic violence’. One woman per householdWhen available: one child
aged 10-14 yearMany women refused
questions on partner violence: refusals 36% on emotional, 30% on physical and 23% on sexual violence
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Population-based surveys to Population-based surveys to collect data on violence collect data on violence against women – Challenges:against women – Challenges:
Prevalence rates on violence are highly sensitive to methodological issues
Research on violence raises major issues of safety and ethics
Unrealistic to expect reduction in prevalence in short or medium term
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Indicators and dimensionsIndicators and dimensionsof VAW collected in surveyssof VAW collected in surveyss
Almost all surveys giveindicators of prevalence of physical and sexual violence
Many on perpetratorsFew on frequency
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Methodological hurdlesMethodological hurdles in surveys in surveys
Choice of type of surveyComparability of estimates of
indicators across settings, over timeHandling gender biasMeeting ethical and safety standardsInterviewer recruitment and training
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* Choice of type of survey* Choice of type of surveyGolden standard: dedicated
surveyAn add-on survey (e.g. UNECE
module): greater challenges -- only if ethical and safety standards can be ensured
Way ahead: a dedicated survey on core and additional indicators bringing together existing knowledge and experience
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* Comparability between * Comparability between settings and over timesettings and over time
Operational definitions: behavioural actsDifferent levels of consensus exist for
different types of violenceMeasurement of psychological violence
and economic violence may never be captured in same way across cultures
It will remain a challenge to ensure that all forms of violence are measured
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Disclosure is affected byDisclosure is affected byHow the questions are phrased
Number of opportunities to disclose
Context in which questions are asked
Characteristics and
skills of interviewers
Social stigma attached
to issue
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Prevalence rates from population based surveys bias towards a symmetry in the rates women and men are perpetrators or victims of certain forms of domestic violence
* Gender bias* Gender bias
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Domestic Violence: Domestic Violence: incidents and gender (British Crime incidents and gender (British Crime Survey)Survey)
Women Men % against women
Ratio: Women: men
Victims 657,000 356,000 35% 1.8
Average number incidents per victim
20 7 2.9
Total incidents 12.9 million
2.5 million
84% 5.2
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Handling gender biasHandling gender bias
Always get an estimate of frequency
Always get an estimate of severityConsider injuries, fear,
consequences in well beingAlso look at relative importance of
violence against men
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* Ensuring ethics and * Ensuring ethics and safetysafety
Protecting confidentiality and ensuring safety
Use of a ‘safe name’Importance of
minimizing non-response
Providing support to participants
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* Interviewer * Interviewer trainingtraining
Include introduction on gender and violence
Opportunity for team to come to terms with own experiences
Address emotional needs of team members
Role of interviewers: Not counselling, not trying to "save" respondents
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“We met with an angry man who did not want us to interview his wife. We made a plan with the respondent to hide. We met at the sport complex. We finished the interview because the husband did not find us. This is a difficult way to do the work, but we always managed to finish every interview. “
Interviewer in Kiribati
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Evidence of the value of Evidence of the value of trainingtraining Serbia 2003
13 inexperienced, carefully selected interviewers, trained during 3 weeks
21 professional interviewers, selected because of their interest in the topic, trained during one day
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Special training vs Special training vs professional interviewersprofessional interviewers
Inexperienced,
3 week training
Professional,
1 day training
Response rate 93% 86%
Disclosure/prevalence rate
26% 21%
Respondent satisfaction
– with violence 46% 29%
Respondent satisfaction
– without violence
46%
38%
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“As government statistician with lots of experience in many surveys I was convinced this would fail. But to my surprise it was very successful. This was due to the way the interviewers were well trained... The training was very different from other training, also very long....”
Government statistician in Kiribati
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Different from routine Different from routine surveys!surveys! Ethical and safety issues Selection and training of
interviewers: very important!! Psychological support for
interviewers and respondents It is an intervention in itself
Survey as awareness building among respondents
Survey as transforming for interviewers and researchers
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“My husband slaps me, has sex with me against my will and I have to conform. Before being interviewed I didn't really think about this. I thought this is only natural. This is the way a husband behaves.”
Woman interviewed in Bangladesh
Many women start thinking Many women start thinking about what is happening to about what is happening to them…them…
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“Maybe I was mediating by listening to her for half an hour, and it was worth the world when at the end she thanks me and tells me she felt worthy.”
(interviewer in Turkey)
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Overcoming hurdlesOvercoming hurdles
UN, donors, intergovernmental bodies to take note of issues around measuring VAW and support data collection in ethical and safe way
Linkages and partnership between national statistics offices and women NGOs are crucial
We have a responsibility in ensuring ethical and safety of women!
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(c) photos: Henriette Jansen
THANK YOU!