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Sustainability in lighting and the role of daylight
Prof. Griet Verbeeck Faculty of Architecture and Art, Hasselt University
Department of Civil Engineering, Catholic University Leuven
Summer school LiDe 2013, Athens
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Energy consumption for lighting
Europe by night
(Nasa)
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Energy consumption for lighting
New York and Times Square in the 1930’s ↑
and in the 2000’s ↓
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Source: Mills E., 2002
Energy consumption for lighting
1TWh = 109 kWh 1PJ (Petajoule) = 109 MJ
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However! Last century, lighting efficiency (lm/W) x 100, but energy consumption x 10.000! → efficiency as such does not induce decrease in energy consumption (Richard Friend)
Impact of (artificial) lighting on energy consumption cannot be ignored
Energy consumption for lighting
Source: Mills E., 2002
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Source: Rethink Group
Role of lighting
Energy consumption
Material use
Pollution
Visual comfort
Wellbeing
Health
Indispensable for life
Energy cost
Jobs in lighting industry
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Source: Rethink Group
Role of daylighting
Energy consumption
Material use
Pollution
Visual comfort
Wellbeing
Health
Indispensable for life
reducing
improving Energy cost
Jobs in lighting industry
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Role of daylight in improving the ecological impact of lighting
TRIAS ECOLOGICA
1. Optimize lighting, while minimizing the need for
energy for lighting → optimal use of daylight
2. Maximize the use of renewable energy sources → renewable electricity production
3. Minimize the remaining use of fossil fuels → efficiency of artificial lighting systems
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Source: TU Eindhoven
Illuminance to be realised
Additional artificial lighting needed
Rel
ativ
e ill
um
inan
ce r
ealis
ed
w
ith
day
ligh
t
Beginning of work day
End of work day
Interaction of daylight and artificial light
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Evaluation of daylight Daylight factor:
• metric since early 20th century
• allows a quick and easy evaluation of daylight penetration in a space
• assumes an completely overcast sky → mainly useful in climates with substantial periods of overcast skies, less useful in very sunny climates
Daylight autonomy:
• metric since ‘90s
• represents the percentage of annual daytime hours that the illuminance level due to daylight at a given point in a space is above a specified illuminance level.
Free software for daylight evaluation : Velux Daylight Visualizer, Dialux
http://viz.velux.com or www.dial.de
Example: design assignment 2Ba interior design.pdf
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Daylight factor DF
E point E horizontal free field
DF = (E point/E horizontal free field) * 100%
Valid for a completely overcast sky!
E point = illuminance at certain point, E horizontal free field = external illuminance
Cross-section
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Daylight factor
DF = (ds + de,r).Cr + di,r
ds = sky component
de.r = external reflection component
d i.r = internal reflection component
Cr = filthiness correction factor
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Sky component ds
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Determines the external reflection component
External reflection component de,r
External reflection component depends on the characteristics of the obstruction
1) What part of the sky is blocked by the obstruction?
2) What is the reflection factor of the obstruction? (10 à 20%, av. 15%)
3) If no obstruction → de,r = 0 Determines the sky component
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Internal reflection component di,r
Internal reflection component depends on the characteristics of the space
1) Window to floor ratio
2) Dimensions of the space
3) Reflection factors of floor, walls, ceiling
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External illuminance level External illuminance level depends on location and time of the day
Reference values for illuminance levels in the free field for the Netherlands
Percentage of time the indicated illuminance level is exceeded
Min
imal
illu
min
ance
in t
he
free
fie
ld d
uri
ng
the
ind
icat
ed
per
iod
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Daylight factor and perception of the space
Daylight factor
< 1% Very low
1%-2% Low
2%-4% Moderate
4%-7% Acceptable
7%-12% High
>12% Very high
Perception of illuminance
Dark to gloomy Gloomy to light Light to very light
Remarks Fits for secondary spaces (corridors, storage,…
Fits for work spaces Glare risk
Atmosphere Space has no relation with outside Space has a relation with outside
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Daylight factor website FAGO
• No obstructions outside
• Fixed reflection factors for space
• Desk height = 0,75 cm above floor level
http://sts.bwk.tue.nl/daylight/
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• Window area • Orientation of the window • Glazing type • Location and shape of the window • Window shadings • Overhangs • Reflections and obstructions outside
• Dimensions of the space • Colour use and finishing of the space
How to influence the amount of daylight in a room?
affect the amount of daylight entering the space
affect the distribution of daylight within the space
Mainly through constructional elements
Interaction between daylight and artificial light
• Use of daylight sensors
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Window area
1. General rule: minimal window area > 5% of floor area for spaces where people stay permanently
2. Dwellings: • min 10% of floor area • rule of thumb: 20-30 % of floor area, but beware of summer overheating! • rule of thumb not valid for all locations
These rules of thumb don’t take into account the impact of shape and position of the window nor the shape of the space.
The effective amount of daylight entering the space, strongly depends on the
illuminance outside
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Orientation of the window - For daylight evaluation → standard CIE sky:
• Assumption of completely overcast sky • Luminance highest in zenith • Luminantie at horizon = 1/3 of luminance zenith
– Vertical façade orientation:
Theoretically no impact on daylight
– Window slope: large impact Horizontal window receives 3x more light than a vertical window
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Oriëntatie van de gevel
Artist’s studio: tries to create a very homogeneous illuminance both during day and night (B-architecten Bis)
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Location of windows in the façade
Kimball Art Museum
Texas, Louis Kahn
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• From a light technical point of view: windows high in the façade -> more light
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• Even better: horizontal windows
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Impact of the location of windows on the daylight factor and luminance + examples Daylight Design Webpages (TU Eindhoven) http://sts.bwk.tue.nl/daylight/varbook/index.htm
Location of daylight openings
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Glass type
• Glass properties: absorption α, reflection ρ and transmission τ • Clear float glass, single glass pane: least impact on daylight • Choice of glazing:
– Light technical requirements – Thermal/energy requirements: most dominant
• Northern countries: high thermal resistance to avoid high thermal losses (low Ug-value W/m²K)
• Southern countries: high solar control to avoid high solar gains
– Acoustical requirements
• Coating or coloring glass → impact on ρ, τ en α
– Coating smostly due to thermal reasons (heat loss or solar control) – But also impact on spectrum of incoming daylight
• LT or light transmission ↔ SF or solar factor – Single glass: LT = 0,78 – Reflective glazing: high LR, low LT infosheet_stopsol.pdf – Combined low SF and high LT (and low Ug) infosheet_stopray.pdf
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Glass type
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Innovative glazing types
• Electrochromic glass: – also called smart glass or switchable glass – electrochromic material: absorption and reflection properties
change, when a voltage is added
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Electrochromic glass
For privacy control
For climate control
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Innovative glazing types
• Glazing with Phase Change Materials (PCM): – phase (solid, liquid, gas) changes with temperature – For PCM’s, only solid-liquid phase change is used – transparent liquid at high temperatures ↔ translucent solid at low temperatures – through phase change: storage and release of heat
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Southwest Working Women Together, Chicago. Wheeler Kearns Architects
Advanced glazing
Solera
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AG4 Mediatecture, Keulen
Advanced glazing
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Omaha Performing Arts Center, Nebraska. Polshek Partnership, NY
Advanced glazing
Solera
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Window screens (inside)
Presence of daylight = comfortable, but too much daylight might hinder (especially in work environment) → window screens: • solar screens:
• ≠ solar shading to avoid overheating • to avoid direct sunlight (on a workplace) • screens or horizontal/vertical blinds
• luminance screens:
• even without direct sunlight, the luminance of a window can be too high, compared to the luminance within the space → risk of glare • to control the luminance ratios • recommended: 1 (desk):3 (direct around the desk):10 (surroundings) • preferably adjustable luminance screens
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Luminance
Luminance, cd/m2
10
3 1
100 300
1000 Recommended
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Window screens
≠ solar shading, but luminance screens to control the luminance level
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Reasons to apply overhangs • functional:
• architectural element for solar control (↔ direct sunlight) • architectural element for luminance control (↔ diffuse sunlight) • ex. dwelling: for solar control in case of large glazing areas • ex. shop-window: for luminance control to allow people in the street to see the products in the shop-window
• reflection of sun/daylight → glare • often compensated with strong lamps in the shop-window
• esthetical:
• architectural design element in the façade
• drawback: permanent element → also present at moments of low illuminance outside or overcast sky
Overhangs (outside)
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= special type of overhang: - normal overhang = horizontal element at the top or above the window - light shelve = horizontal element above eye level with glass below and above
Light shelves (inside or outside)
Source: Tips for daylighting with windows
- improves illuminance distribution and reduce glare - most appropriate for south orientation in predominantly clear sky climate - best matte white or diffusely specular finishing at top of shelve
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Reflections and obstructions (outside)
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Google Office Center
Designing with (day)light
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Google Office Center
Designing with (day)light
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from
functional use of daylighting
to
designing of/with daylighting
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Overcast sky = dull, depressive atmosphere - because of uniform, directionless quality of light → no shadows, no texture - very cool white light (10.000K) = what we try to avoid in interior design!
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Designing with daylight • = trying to avoid the depressive, uniform effect of an overcast sky
• = trying to capture the qualities of daylight • Wide range of intensity
• Changing direction of light
• Changing colours of light
Designer has enormous power to influence not only the visual perception, but also the emotional and physical experience of the built environment
Pantheon, Rome
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Orientation of the window For daylight in reality: orientation makes a difference
• Daily pattern • Seasonal pattern
• Windows to the north: cool light (only diffuse light) • Windows to the south: warm light • Through the orientation of spaces the atmosphere in a space can be
improved – Space with east-oriented window → can experience sunrise – Space with west-oriented window → can experience sunset
location dependent DaylightChart.exe
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Direct sunlight wanted or not? For a living space preferably sunlight: - larger contrasts between light and dark, - light is more dynamic → more interesting - but, beware of overheating - beware of culture difference: association and appreciation might differ between
cultures - northern cultures: warm light = cosy - southern cultures: cool light = coolness
For a work space preferably no sunlight: - larger luminance contrasts → glare risk, fatiguing the eyes - person directly sunlit: not comfortable during work, reduced productivity
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Living space ↑
vs workplace → (dwelling B-architecten Bis)
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• Determines how a space is perceived
• Determines the view to the outside
• Can be used to deliberately direct daylight within a space
Location and shape of windows
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Daylight penetration + view to the outside
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View to the outside
Church on the water Hokkaido Tadao Ando
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View to the outside
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University Alicante, Alvaro Siza
University Porto, Alvaro Siza
Directing daylight
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Directing daylight
Koshino House, Tadao Ando
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Directing daylight
TNW sports facility NL Architects Utrecht
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Directing daylight
Townhouse Retail store
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• Redistribution of daylight
• Use of uncommon window shapes
• Creation of light patterns, dynamic effects
Means to alter daylight
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Smith Middle School, North-Carolina.
Redistribution of daylight
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Sun tunnel Designer Lamp (by Ross Lovegrove) http://www.velux.com/products/product_range/sun_tunnels/suntunnelbylovegrove/default.aspx
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Bron: University of Liverpool
Daylight guidance systems
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Bron: University of Liverpool
Daylight guidance systems
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Lighting caves with daylight
Daylight guidance systems
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Boutique JC Jitrois by Studio Christophe Pill
Daylight guidance systems
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Use of coloured glazing
Le Corbusier, Chapelle du Haute, Ronchamp → colour and window shape used to create dynamic light effect
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Use of coloured glazing
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Use of daylight for art spaces
Lotus shaped artscience museum, Singapore
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Use of daylight for art spaces
Emil Schumacher museum
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Use of daylight for art spaces
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Museum for modern art
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Use of daylight for art spaces
Herning museum of contemporary art by Steven Holl
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Use of daylight for art spaces
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Institut du Monde Arabe, Parijs. Jean Nouvel
Unusual window shape
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Unusual window shape
New Oslo train station by Space Group
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Church of light, Osaka, Tadao Ando
Unusual window shape
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Dzn Stairs House by Y+M Design Office
Unusual window shape
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Dzn Stairs House by Y+M Design Office
Unusual window shape
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Unusual window shape
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Creating light patterns
Green House
Science Tower, University of Copenhagen
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Christ of Light Cathedral, Pulpit
Creating light patterns
Alessi Flagstore, New York
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Hans Grohe event hall
Creating light patterns
Traditional mashrabiya
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Accordia, Cambridge
Creating light patterns
Assyafaah Mosque, Singapore by Tan Kok Hiang
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Louvre museum Abu Dabi
Creating light patterns
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Lille Metropole museum
Creating light patterns
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Painting with daylight
D.E. Shaw office building (architect Steven Holl)
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Painting with daylight
D.E. Shaw office building (architect Steven Holl)
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Painting with daylight
Luis Barragan
Capella de madres Capuchinas, Mexico City
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Use of coloured walls
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Examples
1) Steven Holl Architects www.stevenholl.com
• Educational & campus works
• Institute for Contemporary Art
• Hunters Point
• Glasgow School of Arts
• Knut Hamsun Center
• NYU Department of Philosophy
• College of Architecture & Landscape
• Simmons Hall, MIT
• Chapel of St Ignatius
• Offices & mixed use
• Sarphatistraat, offices
• D.E. Shaw & Co offices
• Museums
• T Space
• Herning Museum
• Nelson-Atkins Museum
• Kiasma Museum
• Danish Natural History Museum
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Examples
1) Steven Holl Architects www.stevenholl.com
2) Peter Zumthor
Thermen, Vals http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uGcQAC0VUw 4:00-7:50 en 9:00-12:30
Bruder Klaus kapel, Metternich
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Ex.: Therms in Vals, arch. Peter Zumthor
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Interesting literature
• Lighting for interior design (Malcolm Innes, Laurence King Publishing)
• Tips for daylighting with windows http://windows.lbl.gov/daylighting/designguide/dlg.pdf
• Daylighting Pattern Guide http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/home
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Library Seinajoki, Sweden. Alvar Aalto
Designing with daylight = controlling the incoming levels of daylight = using the qualities of daylight
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Source: Rethink Group
Role of daylighting
Energy consumption
Material use
Pollution
Visual comfort
Wellbeing
Health
Indispensable for life
reducing
improving Energy cost
Jobs in lighting industry