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Sustainability Town Hall Daniel Brown, Research Associate, GLISA
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Water Vapor
Fluorinated gases
Methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO)2
Greenhouse Gases
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U.S. Greenhouse Gas Sources
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The Greenhouse Effect: Step 1
Most solar radiation passes through the Earth’s atmosphere to the Earth’s surface.
Some is reflected back into space by clouds or the Earth’s surface.
Sunlight reflected to space has little affect on the Earth.
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The Greenhouse Effect: Step 2
G
Solar Radiation
Solar Radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface and is re-emitted as infrared radiation.
Infrared Radiation
Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation emitted from the surface.
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The Greenhouse Effect: Step 3
G
Some IR is re-emitted back to the surface.
Some IR escapes to outer space.
Greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit infrared.
Earth’s temperature is hospitable for human life because of the natural greenhouse effect.
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The Greenhouse Effect: Step 4
More IR is re-emitted back to the surface.
Less IR escapes to outer space.
Increased Greenhouse Gas Concentrations.
Increased emissions of greenhouse gases have changed the Earth’s energy balance.
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Global Carbon Cycle
The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance. Humans add extra CO2 without removing any.
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Historic Carbon Dioxide Concentration
A natural change of 100ppm normally occurs
over 5,000 to 20,000 years.
The recent increase of 100ppm has taken
120 years.
Fact Source: EPA. Image Source, Scripps Institute of Oceanography
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Migrating Climate
Hayhoe et al (2010)
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The Great Lakes are Warming
• Lake Superior is warming twice as fast as nearby air.
• Winter ice cover is decreasing.
• Lake Superior could have little to no open-lake ice cover during a typical winter within the next 30 years.
NASA
Average Great Lakes ice coverage declined 71% percent from 1973 to 2010
AMS, 2011
Austin and Colman, 2007
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Plant Hardiness Zones
Based on Average Annual Extreme Minimum Temperatures, 1976-2006
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Agriculture Vulnerability: Spring 2012 and Cherry Crops
• The early warming was extreme weather event.
• The seasonal warming fits a pattern of a more variable climate.
• The early warming followed by a normal hard freeze was devastating to cherry buds.
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More Hot Days
Source: UCS 2012
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Stronger Storms Observed
The Intensity of the heaviest 1% of precipitation events increased by 31% in the Midwest and by 67% in the Northeast
from 1958 to 2007. Groismann et al.
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Flooding and Stormwater
Observed increases in total precipitation and more frequent intense storms are already impacting the area.
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Water Quality
A combined sewage overflow plume in the Detroit River. Credit: Robert Burns, Detroit Riverkeeper
Lake Erie algal bloom, Oct. 20, 2011. Warmer lake surface temperatures conspire with nutrients from runoff and combined sewer overflows to exacerbate toxic algal blooms and raise public health concerns. Photo courtesy of NASA.
Rising temperatures, degrading infrastructure, and more severe precipitation may conspire to increase risks to water quality. The impacts could be felt in many sectors, including public health, recreation and tourism, and environmental management.
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Impacts of Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region
Changes in temperature and precipitation throughout the region will lead to many impacts in both engineered and natural environments.
Fish Water Energy Forests
Agriculture Biodiversity
Public Health Transportation
Birds and Wildlife Tourism and Recreation
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Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation on Campus
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Climate Change Impacts on College Campuses
• University of Michigan Student Population: 43,426
• U-M Total Student, Staff, and Faculty Population: 68,565
• 18th largest city in Michigan!
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Ann Arbor Climate Changes
• Warmer average temperatures
• Warmer low and nighttime temperatures
• More potential for extreme heat and drought
• Shorter winters
• More total precipitation
• More severe precipitation events
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Agriculture and Food Networks
• Increasing extreme events may challenge regional food networks.
• Some crops may benefit in the near future from more CO2 and longer growing seasons until negated by warmer temperatures.
• Perennial crops will be more vulnerable to the pace of climate change.
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Heat and Health
Observed Change in Number of Harmful Heat Waves
The number of heat waves that pose risks to human health have increased in most major Midwestern cities. Increasing overnight, minimum temperatures have increased at a faster rate, limiting relief during hot periods.
UCS Heat in the Heartland, 2012
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Potential Infrastructure Impacts
Freeze-thaw Expansion buckling
Flood Damage and Stormwater
Freeze-thaw damage, near Marquette, MI Expansion buckling near Marshall, MI, 2011
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Adapting Campuses to Climate Change Impacts
• Maintaining and increasing campus tree canopy
• Tree species diversification
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Adapting Campuses to Climate Change Impacts
• Porous surfaces
– Porous pathways
– Porous pavers
• On-site stormwater management
– Rain gardens
– Bio-swales
– Retention ponds
– Below grade retention systems
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Adapting Campuses to Climate Change Impacts
• Alternative energy to increase grid security
• Infrastructure and building upgrades
– Improved HVAC systems
– Green roofs
– White roofs
– Blue roofs
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Adapting Campuses to Climate Change Impacts
• Local food movement integration – On-site farmers
markets
– Sourcing local products
– Encouraging low-impact agricultural practices
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What does U-M gain from adaptation?
• New education and research opportunities
• Greater interest from prospective students
• Increased support from funders and donors
• Improved employee recruitment and retention
• Enhanced community relations
• Reduced exposure to price volatility in energy markets
• Better preparation for carbon regulation
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A Few Examples of University Michigan Adaptation Initiatives
• North Campus stormwater management
• Farmers Market on campus
• 7 green roofs
• U-M soccer complex porous pavement
• Planet Blue building efficiency upgrades (including HVAC upgrades)
• Geothermal at U-M golf practice facility
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Best Practices from Peer Institution
Micro-grid expansion • Howard University,
Washington, DC • University of California
San Diego HVAC Improvements and Energy Behavior Change • Valencia College,
Orlando, FL
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Best Practices from Peer Institution
Expansion of Porous Pavement and Pavers Program
• Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Diversification of Tree Species
• Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA
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Stormwater Management Why here? Why now?
Brian Boyer, P.E.
Environmental Engineering Manager
Kieser & Associates, LLC
536 E. Michigan Ave., Suite 300
Kalamazoo, MI 49007
(269) 344-7117
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Why here? Why now?
• Water quality protection
• Campus infrastructure/asset protection
• Capital improvement planning
• Future MS4 permit requirements
• Informed decision-making
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• Reduce stormwater flooding
• Protect investments
• Regulatory compliance (TMDL)
• Sustainable improvements
• Stormwater NeutralTM
Waldo Football Stadium
Steam lines from Power Plant
WMU Stormwater Management
Power Plant Streambanks
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WMU Management Prioritization
PRIORITIZE
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Progress Towards Management Goals
TMDL Compliance
Runoff Volume
Stormwater NeutralTM
(Net-zero Phosphorus discharge)
Off-Campus Offsets
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KVCC Stormwater Management
STORMWATER DIVERSION
PROPOSED CONCEPT
SEDIMENT FOREBAY
WET DETENTION AND INFILTRATION
TO EXISTING STORM OUTFALL
• Eliminate all outfalls (…and MS4 permit)
• Stormwater NeutralTM goal • Sustainable SW management
• MDEQ 319 Grant Project (25% match)
• Serves 31 acres of campus • Treats of 50-yr storm • Irrigation for athletic fields • Built-in educational curriculum
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Average Treatment Costs for Urban Stormwater Retrofits
Stormwater Management
• 5th largest city in Bay Area
• Pending Phosphorus/
Nitrogen TMDL (WQ goal)
• Quantify current loads
• ID reduction options
• Prioritize (cost-effectiveness)
• Seek water quality offsets
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Stormwater Management Strategy
1. Identify stormwater footprint 2. Quantify existing stormwater loads 3. Set goals 4. Quantify existing stormwater controls 5. Assess current status 6. Prioritize (cost-effectiveness/ environmental metrics)
7. Implement (capital improvements/grants)
8. Track progress!