Sustainable Waste Management (SWM) in the Netherlands
Herman Huisman
CapeTown, May 24th, 2018
2
Content
• General information and data
• Pathway towards CE (development in three stages)
• Second stage : towards an integrated SWM - Policy goals, instruments and measures - WtE / Biowaste / Recycling performances
• Third stage: towards a Circular Economy
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Netherlands pathway towards a CE
Focus on Collection
Technical fix
Integrated Waste Policy
Circular economy
1975 1990 2013
Management scale
Public health Private collectors for metal scrap, textiles, food remains, paper,
coal, ashes
Environmental Protection, focus
on leachate, gas control, flue gas cleaning
Diversion from landfill Professionalizing,
increase market role, EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) systems in place, upscaling waste operation, institutional & responsibility issues, landfill bans & taxes
Circular economy, SDG’s / SCP International cooperation
Chain approach, Resource & product policy, Closing the loop
1875
Municipal
Regional
National
Global
I II III
National Waste Management Plan
Europe
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RWS management area (2): Environment
Implementing national waste Implementing a circular economy
policy (since 1990) policy (since 2013)
National Waste Management Plan 2009-2021
From a linear to a circular production
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Towards an integrated SWM (second stage)
Waste policy goals:
1.Zero landfill
2.Restrictive use of WtE
3.Increase and maximize recycling
Waste Hierarchy
• Implement instruments and measures in accordance with the waste hierarchy
• Enlarge private participation and responsibility
• Optimize economic scale of operation cooperation and merging of activities
• Induce further technical development and innovations
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Policy instruments and measures
1. Landfill bans and landfilling tax
2. Mandatory separate collection of bio-waste
3. Plan and licence WtE capacity only for non-recyclable waste
4. Minimum treatment standards per waste stream /material for recycling
5. Introduce Extended Producers Responsibility
6. Set ambitious targets for recycling;
7. Educating citizens to participate in recycling schemes
8. Monitoring of waste figures (weighing, reporting) and track transports of waste
9. Control and enforcement on regulation
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Impact of landfill tax on landfilling
-
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Am
ou
nt la
nd
fille
d (M
illio
n to
nn
es
)
La
nd
fill ta
x (€ p
er to
nn
e)
Year
"Landfill Tax"
"Waste land filled"
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Separate bio-waste in Netherlands
Food and garden waste - 1.371 ktons /year
• From households,kitchens, auctions, offices, etc
• In households: residual waste still includes ca 40 % biowaste
Processing
• Minimum treatment standard (MTS):
– Composting
– Digestion and post composting or other aerobic processing(recycling)
• Digestion more and more popular : in 2014 30%> 2013
• Producing 693 kt compost
Green waste - 2.800 ktons/year
MTS added: wood part for energy purposes.
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Composting
• Agriculture (70% in 2014)
• landscape maintenance
• Horticulture
• Potting soil
Digesting-Biogas
• Warmth (70%)
• Electricity (21 %)
• Gas (quality) 9%
• CO2 (new)
Traditional bio-waste products
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Use of recycled organics on soils in EU
Organics in
residual waste
Biological Treatment - Composting or Digestion
Mixed municipal
solid waste
Sep. collected Organics
Stabilised
organics
Waste
compost
Product for the market
Restricted
application
Controlled
application
Good practice application
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Additional bio-waste product options
Transport fuels fibres
bioplastics (PHA, PLA)
Fly larvae
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Adding new recycling schemes and setting up waste stream control management
High recycling rates All waste: 81% Household waste: 52%
Waste tracking and monitoring system
Professional and competitive waste sector
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Introduce extended producers responsibility
Ministry of infrastructure & Environment
EPR regulation
and control
Batteries WEEE Packaging Car tyres ELV
Create a stable collection system Create awareness and environmentally responsible behavior Contribute to “design for recycling” and “ecodesign” Prevent illegal trade and export Annual Reporting on collection and recycling performance
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Municipal recycling centres
Dutch waste streams to be sorted:
a. WEEE;
b. Asbestos;
c. A-wood & B-wood;
d. C-wood;
e. Soil, separated following legal classifications;
f. Gas tanks, fire extinguishers, pressure equipment;
g. Car tires;
h. Roof waste;
i. Expanded polystyrene foam;
j. Mixed stone material, not being asphalt or gypsum;
k. Gypsum;
l. Gross garden waste;
m. Hard plastics;
n. Mattresses;
o. Metals;
p. Paper and cardboard;
q. Textiles, not being carpet;
r. Flat glass
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>> Focus on environment
Waste to Energy
Capacity: 7.7 Mton
Produced electricity: 4,000 GWh
Produced heat: 14 PJ
18% of the renewable energy in the Netherlands
Restrictive capacity planning ended in 2004: 50% new capacity built since
then overcapacity of > 2 Mton in 2017
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Municipal waste tax per collection system: costs per household per year (2015)
Waste tax system Average costs (€)
Average fixed rate(€)
Average variable rates
Volume 242 n.v.t.
Volume & frequency 201 117 € 6,99/container residual and € 0,99/container bio wasted
Expensive bag 206 144 € 1,08/bag residual and € 0,02/bag bio-waste
Expensive bag + persons per hh 169 1141 1462 € 0,97/bag residual and € 0/bag bio waste
Weight 199 110 € 0,22/kilo residual and € 0,20/kilo bio waste
Weight & frequency 211 120 € 0,22/kilo residual and € 0,10/kilo bio waste
Volume, frequency and persons per hh 237
1251 1662
€ 5,86/container residual and € 0,32/container bio waste
1. One person household; 2. multiple person household
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Performance MSW 2016 (Eurostat)
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Result in 2014: only minor amount to landfill
General presentation 19 Sunday, 27 May 2018
…2% landfilling, 81 % recycling and 17% WtE, but more can be done (both in quantity and quality)....
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Balance 2013 and future prospective
• Recycling rate stabilized: 81% all waste streams and 52 % household waste
• Waste policy was sufficient for achieving ‘zero’ landfill but still far from being circular when still 40% material of household waste is lost by WtE
• Further decrease of the amount of residual waste and further increase the recycling rate is feasible with new efforts
• Reversed collection seems to be setting the new standard in (rural) areas
• Bulky waste has scope for improvements
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Moving towards Resource Management
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE PREVENTION
Extraction
Manufacturing
Transport Distribution Purchasing
Use
Re-use
Separate
Collection
Recycling
Other treatment and recovery
Reduction at source Sustainable consumption
Avoided waste flows Diverted waste flows
Waste Minimization
Preparing for Re-use
PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION END OF LIFE
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Waste to Resource Program (2013) - first steps towards a circular policy -
• Reduce losses: 10 to 5 million tonnes in 10 years
• Improve separation of household waste: 52% now, 75% in 2020
(per person 2013 ca 250 kg -> 2020 ca 100 kg )
• Creating economic incentives
• Working with frontrunners
• Removal of counter productive (legal) restraints and impediments
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Adapting new instruments
Green Deals
• Public private cooperation / Private initiative / Legal basis: covenant
• Approximately 185 deals running at the moment
• Examples in phosphate value chain, C&D Concrete, slags WtE and plastic value chain. Creating a market for recycled phosphate, cleaned slags, recycled plastic, improved granulates and re-use cement
Promoting new business models
Circular criteria in (public) procurement
‘Closing the loop’ for products
• Cooperation government private parties, NGO’s, etc
• Selected products: diapers, bituminous roofing waste, food (waste prevention) matrasses, textiles
Bio-based products (replacing technical by biological components)
More EPR ??
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Entering now the final stage: towards CE
Principles:
1. Sustainable ------- -- ------------------------> sourcing (producers)
2. Closing ----------- --> the loops
(market + gov)
1. Minimise material -------------------------------> losses (low WtE, no landfilling)
(gov)
Separate collection of biological materials