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THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESSAKA
MONOPOLIESAKA
TRUST
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CORPORATIONS DEVELOP
Until 1900’s families owned small businesses that were local
Corporations form that are owned by many people instead of one man
Corporations increase their profits by:Paying low wages…upsets workersBroadened their advertising base Invested in inventors Many corporations formed monopolies in
which they controlled the entire market (no competition)
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TWO WAYS TO CREATE A MONOPOLY/TRUST
Horizontal Integration: used commonly by
Rockefeller One company buys out all
of its competitors… creates monopolies that
will later be banned by the federal government
Vertical Integration: Buying up all the
businesses that contribute to a final product
Used commonly by Carnegie (steel company):Owned iron minesOwned RR that transported the iron to factories
Owned the coal mines that extracted the coal to power his steel mills and railroads
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Entrepreneurs who built monopolies that were unfair to consumersSwindled the
poorBought out
competitorsSeen as bad for
the economyRockefeller
Entrepreneurs that were seen as serving the nation in a positive wayCreating jobsStimulated
innovationWere
charitableCarnegie
“Robber Barons” “Captains of Industry”
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SOCIAL DARWINISM
“Survival of the fittest” promoted by Charles Darwin
wealth was a measure of one’s inherent value and those who had wealth were most fitOnly the wealthy should rise
to the topDon’t use public funds to
help the poorSaid that the impoverished
were unfit to reproduce
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JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
Established the Standard Oil Company which held a monopoly on the oil industry
Bought up smaller oil companies to create his own company (horizontal integration)Bought the oil wells,
pipelines, retail outlets and railroads
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ANDREW CARNEGIE Steel tycoon Used the Bessemer process
(purifying iron into steel so that it was lightweight but still strong) to mass produce steel
With so many skyscrapers going up steel in is huge demand
Teamed up with J.P. Morgan to find investors in RR so that the demand for steel would increase
Helped Carnegies create the industrial giant US Steel
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Other Entrepreneurs Cornelius Vanderbilt:
Made millions from the shipping and railroad business
Became a symbol of the excesses during the Gilded Age
George Westinghouse: Developed air brakes
and a device that allowed trains to switch from one track to another
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Horatio Alger
In his books, Alger told stories of young men who won wealth and fame through honest hard work
Advised Americans to seek success based on values
Success through the strengths of their own efforts
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Gilded Age
coined by Mark Twain
describes the last decade of the 19th century
America had a rotten core but was covered with gold paint (gilded)
the gap between the rich and the poor was too wide
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Government Regulation of Big Business
Laissez-faire: little government interference in the economy “An American tradition”
But the stronghold that these capitalists had on the economy worried the government
Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed monopolies and trusts (companies owned by stockholders)…but not really enforced
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TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
WITH IMMIGRATION AND URBANIZATION COMES THE NEED FOR BETTER TRANSPORTATION/CONSTRUCTION MORE EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION AND QUICKER PRODUCTION
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INVENTION INVENTOR EFFECT
light bulb
electric trolley Stephen Fielddangerous and ineffective, but a sign of things to come
luxury car for train George Pullmanattracts travelerstravel made easier
typewriter Many investors fuels business, more jobs for women (typists)
Thomas Edisonallows people to work longer hours
sends electricity over long distances
more jobs for women (operators)
purifies iron to steel-lightweight skyscrapers
made skyscrapers a reality with the modern elevator brake
time zones regulates RR schedulesGovernment
George Westinghouse
Alexander Graham Bell
Henry Bessemer
Elisah Otis
power lines
telephone
Bessemer process
safety elevator
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INNOVATIONS Patents: grant giving
the inventor exclusive rights to develop, use and sell an invention
Number if patents sky rockets due to urbanization ◦ Promoted by the
government and investors to improve industry and create new ones
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TELEPHONE OPERATORS
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THE BESSEMER PROCESS
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SKYSCRAPERS/BRIDGES
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ELECTRIC TROLLEY
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PULLMAN LUXURY RAILCAR
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TYPEWRITER/LIGHT BULB
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LABOR UNIONSTHE PROBLEMemployers get rich workers barely survive on their low wageslong hours (12 hour shifts)6 days a week in hot, dark and dirty factoriesdangerous work
Injuries were common due to improper training and faulty equipment
poor ventilation and loud machines
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SWEATSHOPS The worst working environment Employed thousands of people Worked for long hours on machines
Repetitive and boring Productivity was ensured through strict
regulations Clock in and out, even for break time Workers were fined for breaking rules or working
slowly
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CHILD LABOR both parents worked
meant the children worked in factories to stay out of trouble
allowed children to make money (needed by family)
had some of the most dangerous jobs…climb into machines and fix them
stunted physical and mental growth
eventually child labor laws were passed
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COMPANY TOWNS Owned by the business and rented to employees Some employees were forced to live in these
isolated communities Company controlled the company store where
employees had to buy their goods…expensive Company wages pay the company rent and other bills Wage slavery
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LABOR UNIONS FORM
Complaints from workers are ignored by the employercomplaints = threat to their businessGovernment is on the side of the
employer/business
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TACTICS – USED BY EMPLOYERS Scabs: temporary workers to replace
workers who strike Lockout: lockout employees until they
agree to terms Injunction: court order to stop a strike Blacklist: list of workers who supported
labor union and were kept from employment because of it
Yellow dog contract: employee promises to not join a union in order to get hired
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TACTICS – USED BY EMPLOYEES Collective bargaining: negotiate as a
group Strike: refuse to work Mediation: negotiate with employer Arbitration: having a third party decide
for the union and employer…the last hope
Boycotts: refuse to buy
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THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR Accepted skilled or
unskilled workers (trade union)
Actively recruited African Americans
Encouraged boycotts and strikes
Wanted increased wages, shorter hours and improved working conditions
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AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR Formed by Samuel
Gompers a craft union (from a
specific craft or skill) Did not accept
women or AA Aimed to increase
wages, lower working hours and better working conditions
Wanted closed shops in which workers had to join the union to be hired
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THE GREAT STRIKE Workers response
wage cuts A nationwide strike Would not allow the
train to move until wages were increased
National Guard was called in, killed 10 strikers American sympathy
for unions
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HAYMARKET RIOT
Workers strike for an 8 hour day Fights broke out and police were called A radical threw a bomb that killed a
policeman and dozens of others Radicals are tried and executed Result: Americans are fearful of labor
unions, Knights of Labor are blamed for the violence and their membership declines
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HOMESTEAD STRIKE Carnegie Steel plant workers were striking
against a wage cuts Pinkerton’s
( successful at breaking up strikes) are called into break up the strike, kill several strikers in a two week standoff
American sympathy for unions
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PULLMAN STRIKE
George Pullman reduced wages at his luxury railcar factory
did not lower rent within the company town Workers that tried to negotiate were fired Ask the American Railway Union under Eugene
Debs to help in their strike…entire RR went on strike Railroad traffic stops Luxury cars are not needed if RR’s are not moving
President Cleveland ordered (injunction) the strike to end…Debs was arrested Proof that the government favored business over
employees Hinders support due to the disruption in
business/trade
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