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Motherboard
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Motherboards
Motherboard selection determines :
o Types and speeds of CPU you can use
o Chip set on the board
o Types and number of expansion slots
o Types of memory
o Type of case
o ROM BIOS
o Types and number of I/O ports
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Components on the Motherboard
CPU socket/slot
Chipset
Voltage regulating circuit ROM BIOS
Buses and expansion slots
On-board ports and connectors Jumpers and DIP switches
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Integrated / Non-Integrated Motherboard
Integrated Motherboard (Built-in)
All the components or functionalities (such as
graphics, sound, network, modem, I/O controller) are
built into the motherboard If any one of the components fails, you can disable it in
BIOS and replace it with a standalone card with the
same functionality.
Non Integrated Motherboard (Non Built-in) Have each component installed in the computer as
individual expansion card.
Almost all motherboards nowadays are fully built-in
or partially built-in.
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Types of Motherboard Form Factors
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ATX Form Factor Motherboards
Baby AT once were commonly used but has
disadvantage - The processor is in-line with the
memory slot and far from power supply fan. So it
gets heat up very fast. ATX has the processor and the memory slot at the
right angle of the expansion cards, inline with the
fan output of power supply. So it does not get heated
up quickly. SIMM and DIMM connectors are also located away
from drive bays and expansion slots for easier
access.
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CPU Socket/Slot
To host the CPU.
Different sockets/slots are needed for differentCPU (refer back to previous chapter).
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The Chipset
Controls memory, external buses, and some peripherals.
Interconnection between buses uses a hu b interface
architecture
Normally consists of two chips : Northbridge and Southbridge.
Northbridge handles communications between the CPU,
RAM, AGP port orPCI Express, and the Southbridge. Some
Northbridges also contain integrated video controllers.
Southbridge is for other devices such as USB, audio, serial, the
system BIOS, the ISAbus, the interrupt controller and the IDE
channels.
Example : Intel H67 chipset, AMD 870 chipset
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The Chipset
Northbridge
Southbridge
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The Chipset
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CPU Voltage Regulator
Different CPUs require different levels of
voltage on motherboard.
Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) controlsamount of voltage to the CPU.
CPU voltage regulator can be configured via
the BIOS. In older system, it was configured
by jumpers or dip switches.
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CPU Voltage Regulator
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CPU Voltage Regulator
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ROM BIOS
ROM chip (Read Only Memory) is a non-volatile
storage which cannot be rewritten to. It can only
be rewritten through specific method.
ROM chip is used to store BIOS (Basic InputOutput System) program.
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ROM
There are several types of ROM chips :o PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
Can be written to (programmed) via a specific device.PROM can onlybe programmed once.
o EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) Can be erased and rewritten many times.
o EEPROM (ElectricallyErasable Programmable Read-OnlyMemory)
Allow electrically erased and rewritten many times.
o Flash Memory
Same as EEPROM but cheaper.
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BIOS
BIOS refers to the software code run by a computer when first powered on.
The primary function of BIOS is to prepare the machine so other software
programs stored on various media (such as hard drives, floppies, and CDs) can
load, execute, and assume control of the computer. This process is known as
booting up.
The functions of ROM BIOS are :
o Controlling the boot-up procedure
o Performing power-on-self-test (POST) during boot-up
o Generating hardware error codes if a problem found during boot-up
o Finding a boot sector or boot files to boot an operating systemo Providing the most basic commands to control hardware.
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BIOS
A Screen Shot of BIOS
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BIOS UPGRADE
The BIOS program can be u pgraded to a newerversion to su pport newer hardware or to correctbugs.
Two ways to upgrade :
1. Replacing the BIOS chip with newer chip.2. Flashing use special software to upload the new BIOS
software into the chip. This can only be done if the ROMBIOS chip is using flash memory technology. Usually,the new version of BIOS program can be downloaded
from the manufacturer website.
Note : This must be done very carefully else the PCcant be boot at all.
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POST
PowerOn SelfTest.
A set of Diagnostic Program loaded automatically
from ROM BIOS during startup
Designed to ensure that the major system
components are present & operating.
If there is a problem found the POST software writes
an error message to the screen or beep codes will be
heard.
Technician can use this beep codes to recognize the
error.
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CMOS Battery
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)was used to stored BIOS settings. Battery is required tomaintain the settings so that when the power supplyswitches off, the settings wouldnt lost.
Modern motherboards use EEPROM or flash memoryto store BIOS program and settings. Thus, battery is notnecessary anymore.
Battery is still retained on the motherboard to keep the
real-time clock running.
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CMOS Battery
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Bus
Bus is a set of wires provide interconnection between
peripherals inside the computer.
System bus or Front Side Bus (FSB) connects CPU to
the Northbridge. AGPbus connects graphics card to the Northbridge.
PCI bus connects various expansion cards to the
Southbridge.
USB bus connects external devices to the Southbridge.
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Bus
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Bus Evolution
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Bus Evolution
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Expansion Slots
Most visible part of motherboard. Long plastic slot usually measuring 1 to
11 long.
Are used to attach various types of devicesto expand the capabilities ofPC
2 major types are :1. PCI
2. PCIe / PCI-E
Other types :1. VESA (only in 486 system)
2. ISA (old type)
3. AGP (for graphic cards only)
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ISA-Industry Standard Architecture
Are usually easily recognized by having 2
parts of connector.
Usually brown or black in color
16 bit data path
8 Mhz
Can be found starting from 386 system
until some Pentium IV system.
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ISA Slot
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PCI-Peripheral Component Interconnect
Most motherboard today contains PCI Slot Short, White in color and 3 long
Support 32-bit and 64-bit data path
PCI cards are Plug & Play
Runs at 66Mhz
Can be found in Pentium Class processor Motherboard
or higher.
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PCI Slot
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AGP-Accelerated Graphic Port
64-bit data path
Only used for graphic cards
Directly communicate with video circuit & PC
Memory.
Brown in color, shorter than PCI slot
Located next to PCI slot
Only 1 slot available in all Motherboards
Runs at 66Mhz
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AGP Slot
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PCIe (PCIExpress)
Improved version of PCI
Latest generation of expansion slot
allowing high speed data transfer between
expansion cards and systems.
64 bit data path
Up to 133MHz
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PCIExpress Slot
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VESA Local Bus( VL-BUS)
32-bit data path
Bigger ISA slot (32 bit version of ISA)
High density connector that has lines running
directly to the processor Longer than ISA and have extra 1 connector (32
bit local connector)
Runs at 33Mhz
Only used for a very short period particularlyduring the time of 486 system (1994/1995).
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VESA Local Bus
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Comparison of Slots
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Floppy & Hard DiskConnectors
Floppy, IDE and SATA connector are normally
build onboard nowadays.
On 286,386 & some 486 motherboard this on
board connectors are not available. So theywere using I/O Controller Card which connects
mouse, printer, floppy and harddisk.
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Floppy Drive Connector
Connect the floppy disk
drive and the floppy disk
controller(on-board) with
floppy disk drive cable.
Have 34 Pin
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IDE 1 & IDE 2 Connector
Connect the hard disk
drive (IDE ty pe) or
DVD-ROM drive and
the IDE controller (on-board) with IDE cable.
Each motherboard
normally has two IDE
connector label as IDE1(Primary Controller)
and IDE2 (Secondary
Controller)
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SATAConnector
Connect the hard disk
drive (SATA type)
and the SATA
controller (on-board)with SATA cable.
Each motherboard
normally has two or
more SATA connector
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Keyboard & Mouse Connector
There are 2 main types of keyboard
connectors: AT( Serial) and PS/2.
These connectors are soldered to the
motherboard.
The connectors carries signal from
keyboard to CPU.
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AT Style Connector
A.k.a. DIN-5 Connector
Its round , about
diameter and has 5
sockets or pin. Available in AT type or
order motherboards.
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PS/2 Style Connector
Smaller than AT
connector.
All the PC today
uses PS/2
keyboard &mouse connector.
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Ports
Serial, Parallel, USB & Game Port.
Connecting external device such as modem,
printers, scanners, etc.
Usually soldered on the motherboard.
On older motherboard, ports were using a
dongle connecting to the motherboard pins.
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Serial Port
2 different types 9 pin & 25 pin
A.k.a. DB 9 male or DB-25 male port or
communication port (com port).
Transmit 1 bit at a time.
Maximum cable length 50 feet.
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USB Port
Universal Serial Bus
Transfer rate of up to 480Mbps(USB2.0)
Maximum length of cable is 5
meters. Standard motherboard will have atleast 2 USB ports.
Used for Mouse, Modem, PCCamera, printer, etc.
Can be daisy-chained to connect upto 127 devices.
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Fire Wire
IEEE 1394
Transfer rate of u p to
400Mbps
More expensive thanUSB make it not
popular.
Often used for transferring digital
video into PC.
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A serial port connect to the
motherboard through dongleA serial port directly
soldered to the motherboard
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Ports
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Jumpers and DIP Switches
Use to configure various hardware option or
configuration. Jumpers are used to set various
configuration on the system such as:
CPU voltage, Processor Speed, Bus speed, etc. For example: Pentium processor is running at
60MHz until 200MHz. So you must select the correct
configuration to set the processor run correctly.
This could be done by using the jumpers or DIPswitches on the motherboard.
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Jumpers Function
Jumpers allow the user
to close an electrical
circuit allowing the
electricity to flow through
certain sections of the
circuit board. Generally
the jumpers consist of set
small pins, which can becovered with a small
plastic cap.
J d DIP i h
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Jumpers and DIP switch
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Front panel header
Use to connect speakers, LED, PS-On, ResetButton, HD-LED and etc
Usually the label is written on the
motherboard else you may find in manual.
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Installing
If you put these wires
in reverse, you won't
blow anything up, but
your power LED and
hard drive LED won't
light up.
It doesn't matter
which way your insertthe speaker, reset
switch and power
switch.