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TOPIC 04
PHILOSOPHIES & APPROACHESLECTURER: THANG NGUYEN @ FSB HANOI
BASED ON: SAUNDERS ET AL(2012)
RESEARCH METHODS FOR BIZ STUDENTS
Dissertation
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OUTLINE
Research philosophies
Research approaches
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
RESEARCH ONION
Philosophy
Approach
Methodology
Strategy
Time horizon
Techniques & procedures
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
ONION: PHILOSOPHY
Positivism
Realism
Interpretivism
Pragmatism: concepts support actions
Table 4.2 p140
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
ONION: APPROACH
Deduction
Induction
Abduction
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
ONION: METHODOLOGY
Mono method quantitative
Mono method qualitative
Multi method quantitative
Multi method qualitative
Mixed method simple
Mixed method complex
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
ONION: STRATEGY
Experiment
Survey
Archival research
Case study
Ethnography
Action research
Grounded theory
Narrative inquiry
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
ONION: TIME HORIZON
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
ONION: TECHNIQUES &
PROCEDURES
Data collection
Data analysis
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
Pragmatism Positivism Realism Interpretivism
Ontology External,
multiple view
External,
objective
Objective,
realist/critical
realist
Socially
constructed,
subjective
Epistemology Observable &
subjective
Observable Observable Subjective
Axiology Value
important,
objective &subjective
Value-free Value laden Value bound
Data
collection
Quantitative,
qualitative,
mixed
Structured,
large sample
Quantitative or
qualitative
Small samples,
qualitative
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
Dimension Continuum
Nature of
reality
External Socially constructed
Objective Subjective
Acceptable
knowledge
Observable phenomena
Subjective meanings
Generalisations
Details
Role of
value
Value free Value bound
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
PHILOSOPHY
Essence: assumptions in viewing the world
Ontology: nature of reality
- Objectivism: social phenomena independent of
social actors
- Subjectivism: social phenomena dependent onperceptions and actions of social actors
- Social constructionism: reality socially
constructed
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RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES
PHILOSOPHY
Epistemology: acceptable knowledge
Positivism: data, causality, generalisation
Realism: sense => reality
Interpretivism: differences between humans
Role of value:
Axiology: choices reflect values
Research paradigms: Figure 4.2 p141
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RESEARCH APPROACHES
APPROACHES
Reasoning: deductive or inductive
Deduction: premises true => conclusion true
Induction: from premises to conclusion
Abduction: premises => conclusion => tests
Table 4.3 p144
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RESEARCH APPROACHES
DEDUCTION STEPS
Theory: idea, premise, hypothesis
Testable propositions/premises
Literature comparison: new contribution
Testing of premises using data
Tests fail: reject, modify, restart
Tests ok: theory corroborated
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RESEARCH APPROACHES
DEDUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
Normally about what happens
Search for causal relationship
Origination from natural science
Structured methodology: replication
Operationalised concepts
Reductionism
Generalisation
Sample size
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RESEARCH APPROACHES
INDUCTION STEPS
Collection of data from a sample
Data analysis => theory formulation
Results: conceptual framework
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RESEARCH APPROACHES
INDUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
Normally about how things happen
Allowance of human interpretation of world
Causal relationship in social science
Permission of alternative explanations
Less structured approach
Importance of context
Small sample rather than large
Qualitative data rather than quantitative
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RESEARCH APPROACHES
ABDUCTION
Combination of deduction & induction
From data to theory
From theory to data
Go back & forth between 2 approaches
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RESEARCH APPROACHES
MEANING OF APPROACH CHOICE
Informed decision about research design
Choice of strategies/methodology
Adapt to restrictions
COMBINATION OF 3APPROACHES
Often advantageous to combine
Emphasis of research
Nature of research topic
Originality of topic/question
Practicality
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RESEARCH APPROACHES
CHOICE OF APPROACHES
Deduction: wealth of literature & information;
quick to do; lower-risk; more audience
Induction: new issue; more time to do; higher
risk
Abduction: old here; new there; more time todo; higher risk