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TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADASMaster IC 2009-2010http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/
Tema 2:Tecnologas LAN.
Evolucin de Ethernet.Ethernet para MANs
VPLS
EtherChannelResilient Ethernet: HSRP
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MasterIC
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Overview
Ethernet is the dominant LAN technology.
Easy to implement; flexible. 10BASE5, 10BASE2, & 10BASE-T Ethernet
Manchester encoding Ethernet timing limits
10BASE-T wiring parameters 100-Mbps Ethernet (Fast Ethernet)Gigabit Ethernet
MAC, frame formats, & transmission process
media and encoding pinouts and wiring
Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet
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10 Mbps Ethernet
4 common features of Legacy Ethernet:
timing parameters, frame format, transmission processes, &basic design rule.
Asynchronous Uses Preamble and SFD for synchronization
Slot Time For speeds 1000 Mbps, minimum transmission time
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10BaseT
Introduced in 1990
UTP cheaper & easier to install than co-ax. Star or extended star topology.
Supports half- & full-duplex. 10 Mbps at half-duplex; 20 Mbps at full-duplex.
Manchester encodingMax unrepeated distance 100mUTP Categories:
3 - 16 Mhz, 100 ohms
420 Mhz, 100 ohms 5100 Mhz , 100 ohms 5e350 Mhz, 100 ohms
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10BaseT Wiring & Architecture
Star topology
Hub or switch as concentration point. Switch divides into separate collision domains.
Design concernminimize delay between distant stations.
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100 Mbps or Fast Ethernet
Two technologies:
100Base-TX : copper UTP 100Base-FX : multimode optical fiber
Same frame format as 10 Mbps Ethernet 10x faster than 10Base-T
Timing is more critical; more susceptible to noise. Uses two encoding steps
4B/5BActual line encoding.
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1000 Mbps or Gigabit Ethernet
Standards
IEEE 802.3abGigabit using Cat 5, or higher. IEEE 802.3z - Gigabit over optical fiber.
1000Base-TX, 1000Base-SX, & 1000Base-LX use sametiming, transmission, & frame format.
Uses two separate encoding steps:At physical layer, bit patterns from the MAC layer are converted
into symbols. frame is coded into control & data symbols to increase in
network throughput.
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1000Base-T
Designed for Cat 5e or betterUTP. uses all four pairs of wires;
full-duplex transmissions oneach wire pair! - 250 Mbps perpair; 1000 Mbps for 4 wirepairs.
Data is divided into 4 parallelstreams, encoded, transmitted,detected, and reassembled.
Supports both half and fullduplex. Full-duplex is widespread.
4D-PAM5Pulse AmplitudeModulation
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1000Base-SX and LX
IEEE 802.3 standard recommended preferred backbone
technology Timing, frame format, & transmission are common to all
versions of 1000 Mbps. Uses 8B/10B encoding; and NRZ line encoding.
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1000Base-SX and LX (2)
SX vs LX
SX is short-wavelength 850 nm; multimode.
LX is long-wavelength 1310 nm; single or
multimode.
MAC method treats linkas point-to-point. Separate fibers for Tx and
Rx.
Inherently full duplex.Gigabit Ethernet permits
only a single repeaterbetween two stations.
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Gigabit Ethernet Architecture
Distance limitations of full-duplex links
limited only by the medium; not round-trip delay.Auto-Negotiation recommended for all links between
station & hub or switch. to permit highest common performance.
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10 Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3ae standard (2002).
10 Gbps full-duplex transmission over fiber. Use in LANs, MANs, WANs.
distance to 40 km over single-mode fiber. compatibility with SONET and SDH networks.
Properties Same Frame format
Compatible with legacy, fast, & gigabit, with no reframing orprotocol conversions.
Bit time is 0.1 nanoseconds.
Full-duplex only (CSMA/CD not necessary). IEEE 802.3 sublayers within OSI Layer 2 are preserved.
Some additions to accommodate 40 km fiber links andinteroperability with SONET/SDH technologies.
Flexible, efficient, reliable, relatively low cost end-to-end
Ethernet networks become possible.
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10 Gigabit Ethernet (3)
Implementations being considered:
10GBASE-SR for short distances (2682 m) over multimode fiber.
10GBASE-LX4 distances 240 m to 300 m over multimode fiber, and 10 km over
single-mode fiber.
10GBASE-LR & 10GBASE-ER 10 km & 40 km over single-mode fiber.
10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW, & 10GBASE-EW to work with OC-192 synchronous transport module SONET/SDH
WAN equipment.
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10 Gigabit Ethernet Architecture
Issues of synchronization, bandwidth, and Signal-to-
Noise Ratio: 10-Gigabit Ethernet uses two encoding steps.
uses codes (symbols) for user data give efficient transmission. encoded data provides
synchronization,
efficient use of BW,and improved Signal-to-NoiseRatio.
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Future of Ethernet
Ethernet is evolving into LAN, MAN, & WAN technology.
Standards for 40, 100, or even 160 Gbps are being developed. Full-duplex high-speed Ethernet technologies are taking
over even QoS-intensive applications. Like: IP telephony & video multicast.
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Evolucin de Ethernet
1
6
Optical Ethernet
EoMPLS
VPLS
EoRPR
NG-SONET(EoS)
Metro DWDM
Optical Ethernet
EoMPLS
VPLS
RPR
NG-SONET(EoS)
Metro DWDM
IP ADSL
IP VDSL
EPON
EFM
Optical Ethernet
EoRPR
NG-SONET(EoS)
Acceso Distribucin Metro Metro Core
Global
Internet
ATM
SONET/SDH
ATM
SONET/SDH
ATM ADSL
T1/E1
FR
ATM
Global
Internet
Casa
MDU
STU
MTU
Residencial
Empresa
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Servicios Metropolitanos
Algunos servicios son:
Conectividad Internet Transparent LAN service (punto a punto LAN to LAN) L2VPN (punto a punto o multipunto a multipunto LAN to LAN) Extranet LAN a Frame Relay/ATM VPN Conectividad a centro de backup Storage area networks (SANs) Metro transport (backhaul)VoIP
Algunos se estn ofreciendo desde hace aos. Ladiferencia est en que ahora se ofrecen usandoconectividad Ethernet !!
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Servicio Ethernet Modelo de referencia
Customer Equipment (CE) se conecta
a travs de UNICE puede ser un
router Bridge IEEE 802.1Q (switch)
UNI (User Network Interface) Standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PHY andMAC
10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps or 10Gbps Soporte de varias clases de servicio (QoS)
Metro Ethernet Network (MEN) Puede usar distintas tecnologas de
transporte y de provisin de servicio SONET/SDH, WDM, PON, RPR, MAC-in-
MAC, QiQ (VLAN stack), MPLS1
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CE
CE
CE
UNI
MetroEthernetNetwork(MEN)
UNI
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Servicio Ethernet Modelo (2)
Sobre el anterior modelo, se aade un cuarto
ingrediente: una Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC)EVC: es una asociacin entre dos o ms UNI
Es creada por el proveedor del servicio para un cliente Una trama enviada en un EVC puede ser enviada a uno o ms
UNIs del EVC:Nunca ser enviada de vuelta al UNI de entrada.Nunca ser enviada a un UNI que no pertenezca al EVC.
Las EVCs pueden ser: Punto a punto (E-Line)
Multipunto a multipunto (E-LAN)Cada tipo de servicio ethernet tiene un conjunto de
atributos de servicio y sus correspondientes parmetrosque definen las capacidades del servicio.
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Atributos de un servicio en particular Ethernet
Multiplexacin de servicios
Asocia una UNI con varias EVC. Puede ser:Hay varios clientes en una sla puerta (ej. En un POP UNI)Hay varias conexiones de servicios distintos para un solo cliente
Transparencia de VLAN Significa que proveedor del servico no cambia el identificador de
la VLAN ( el MEN aparece como un gran switch) En el servicio de acceso a Internet tiene poco importancia
Bundling Ms de una VLAN de cliente est asociada al EVC en una UNI
Etc.
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Atributos
Atributos de UNI:
identificador, tipo de medio, velocidad, duplex, etcAtributo de soporte de VLAN tagAtributo de multiplexacin de servicio Security filters attribute etc
Atributos de EVC: Parmetros de trfico (CIR, EIR, in, out, etc)
Committed Information Rate (CIR) Excess Information Rate (EIR)
Parmetros de prestaciones (delay, jitter, etc) Parmetros de Clase de Servicio (VLAN-ID, valor de .1p, etc) Multicast frame delivery etc
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Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)
2
2
Data
UNI
CE
CE
CE
Point-to-PointEthernet Virtual Circuits
(EVC)
MetroEthernetNetwork
1 or moreUNIs
UNI
Video
IP PBX
Servers
Data
IP Voice
IP Voice
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Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)
Una E-Line puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado con un ancho de banda compartido.
EPL: Ethernet Private Line Es un servicio EVC punto a punto con un ancho de banda
dedicado
El cliente siempre dispone del CIR Normalmente en canales SDH en redes MPLS Es como una lnea en TDM, pero con una interfaz ethernet
EVPL: Ethernet Virtual Private Line En este caso hay un CIR y un EIR y una mtrica para el soporte
de SLAs (service level agreement) Es similar al Frame Relay Se suele implementar con canales TDM compartidos con redes
de conmutacin de paquetes usando SWs y/o routers2
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Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)
2
4
CE
CE
CE
MetroEthernetNetwork
CE
Multipoint-to-MultipointEthernet Virtual Circuit
(EVC)
UNI
UNI
UNI
UNI
IP PBX
Servers
Data
Data
Data
IPVoice
IP Voice
IP Voice
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Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)
Una E-LAN puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado
con un ancho de banda compartido.EPLan: Ethernet Private LAN
Suministra una conectividad multipunto entre dos o ms UNIs,con un ancho de banda dedicado.
EVPLan: Ethernet Virtual Private LAN Otros nombres:VPLS: Virtual Private Lan Service TLS: Transparent Lan ServiceVPSN: Virtual Private Switched Network
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Un ejemplo: ONO
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Un ejemplo: ONO
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Otro ejemplo: Telefonica
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Otro ejemplo: Telefonica
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Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
VPLS defines an architectureallows MPLS networks offerLayer 2 multipoint Ethernet Services SP emulates an IEEE Ethernet bridge network (virtual)Virtual Bridges linked with MPLS Pseudo Wires
Data Plane used is same as EoMPLS (point-to-point)
PE PECE CE
VPLS is an Architecture
CE
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Virtual Private LAN Service
End-to-end architecturethat allows MPLS networks toprovide Multipoint Ethernet services
It is Virtual because multiple instances of this serviceshare the same physical infrastructure
It is Private because each instance of the service isindependent and isolated from one another
It is LAN Service because it emulates Layer 2multipoint connectivity between subscribers
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Why Provide A Layer 2 Service?
Customer have full operational controlover theirrouting neighbours
Privacy of addressing space- they do not have to beshared with the carrier network
Customer has a choice of using any routing protocolincluding non IP based (IPX, AppleTalk)
Customers could use an Ethernet switchinstead of arouter as the CPE
A single connectioncould reach all other edge pointsemulating an Ethernet LAN (VPLS)
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VPLS is defined in IETF
Application
General
Ops and Mgmt
Routing
Security
IETF
MPLS
Transport
Formerly PPVPN
workgroup
VPWS, VPLS, IPLS
BGP/MPLS VPNs (RFC4364 was 2547bis)
IP VPNs using Virtual
Routers (RFC 2764)
CE based VPNs using IPsec
Pseudo Wire Emulation
edge-to-edge
Forms the backbone
transport for VPLS
IAB
ISOC
As of 2-Nov-2006
Internet
L2VPN
L3VPN
PWE3
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Classification of VPNs
CPE
Based
Layer 3
MPLS
VPN
Virtual
Router
GREIPSec
Layer 3
P2P VPWSEthernet
FrameRelay
PPP/HDLC
ATM/CellRelay
Ethernet(P2P)
FrameRelay
ATM
Ethernet(P2MP
)
Ethernet(MP2M
P)
Network
Based
Layer 2
VPLS
IPLS
VPN
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ATM
AAL5/Cell
PPPHDLC
Ethernet FR
L2VPN Models
IP
L2TPv3
Point-to-Point
ATM
AAL5/Cell
PPPHDLC
Ethernet FR
VPWS
Point-to-Point
Like-to-Like
Any-to-AnyLike-to-Like
L2VPN
MPLS
VPLS/IPLS
Multipoint
Ethernet
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IP LAN-Like Service (IPLS)
An IPLS is very similar to a VPLS except The CE devices must be hosts or routers not switches The service will only carry IPv4 or IPv6 packets IP Control packets are also supportedARP, ICMP Layer 2 packets that do not contain IP are not supported
IPLS is a functional subset of the VPLS service MAC address learning and aging not required Simpler mechanism to match MAC to CE can be used Bridging operations removed from the PE
Simplifies hardware capabilities and operationDefined in draft-ietf-l2vpn-ipls
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VPLS Components
N-PE
MPLS
Core
E router
E router
E switch
CE router
CE router
CE switch
CE switch
CE router
Attachment circuits
Port or VLAN modeMesh of LSP between N-PEs
N-PE
N-PE
Pseudo Wires within LSPVirtual Switch Interface (VSI)
terminates PW and provides
Ethernet bridge function
Targeted LDP between PEs to
exchange VC labels for Pseudo WiresAttachment CE
can be a switch or router
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TECNOLOGAS DE RED AVANZADASMaster IC 2009-2010http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tra/
Tema 2:Tecnologas LAN.
EtherChannelResilient Ethernet: HSRP
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Etherchannel Concepts
3
9
An Etherchannel combines multiple physical links into a single logical link. Ideal for load
sharing or link redundancycan be used by both layer 2 and Layer 3 subsystems
Physical ViewMultiple ports are
defined as being
part of an
Etherchannelgroup
Logical ViewSubsystems running
on the switch only
see one logical link
An Etherchannel can be defined on Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gigabit
Ethernet Ports
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2009-2 Etherchannel Concepts
Multichassis EtherChannel (MEC)
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Prior to Virtual Switch, Etherchannels were restricted to reside within the same physical
switch. In a Virtual Switch environment, the 2 physical switches form a single logical network
entity - therefore Etherchannels can now also be extended across the 2 physical chassis
Regular Etherchannel on single chassis Multichassis EtherChannel across 2 VSL-
enabled Chassis
Virtual Switch Virtual Switch
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Resilient Ethernet
How does a workstation get a default gateway?
DHCP:gives the workstation the default gateway IRDP (ICMP Router Discovery Protocol): extension to ICMP thatallows an end-station to automatically discover a defaultgateway. RPs (Route Processors) periodically generate specialmulticast packets that announce the routers existence to the
clients every 5 to 10 minutes. Multicast packet has the RPsaddress and a life-time value. Could take up to 30 minutes. Proxy ARP: host dynamically discovers default IP address and
MAC of the default gateway. When default gateway fails, trafficis dropped. After a lengthy period of time, host will re-performthe Proxy ARP, but in most situations, host will continue usingsame failed default gateway.
What happens to the workstation when router fails? Host cant communicate with other networks
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Solution is HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol)
Cisco-proprietary
protocolProvides Layer 3
redundancyTransparent to end
stationsRP (Route Processor)
monitors the status of
other RPs andprovides a quickfailover when primarydefault gateway fails.4
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HSRP
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HSRP
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HSRP Group
A group of 2 or more RPs
that represent a singledefault gateway. It has avirtual IP address and avirtual MAC address. Ifthe primary RP fails,
another RP takes over.One RP can be the
backup for multipleprimary default gateways
Only one RP forwardsdata for a LAN.
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HSRP Group
Group has the
following type of RPs:Virtual RPActive RPStandby RP
Other RPsVirtual RP Provides a
single RP that is availableto end stations.
Not a real RPthe IP andMAC addresses are notphysically assigned to anyone interface on any of theRPs in the broadcastdomain4
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HSRP Group
Active RP Responsible for forwarding all traffic destined for the Virtual RPs MAC
address. Elected in an election processRP with highest priority is active. If
priorities are same, highest IP address wins. Default priority is 100. Only one active RP per network/subnetwork/VLAN
Standby RP Elected in an election process Keeps tabs on Active RP by looking for HSRP multicast messages (HSRP
hellos). Hellos are sent by active RP every 3 seconds. If standby doesnthear any hellos for 10 seconds, it promotes itself and becomes theactive RP.
Sends out its own hellos every 3 seconds so that if it fails, one of theother possible HSRP RPs in the standby group will become the standby. Only one standby RP per network/subnetwork/VLAN
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HSRP Group
Other HSRP RPs
Listen for hellos from standby and active RPs. If any end-station uses a REAL MAC address of one of the RPs inthe broadcast domain, that specific RP (whether active, standbyor other RP) will process and forward the frame.
Each standby group must have a unique virtual IP
address and a virtual MAC address. These addresses are unique across different VLANs.
End stations perform an ARP request with the virtual IPaddress and get the virtual MAC address of the default
gateway RP.
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