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FIRE MODELING OF DIFFERENT
VENTILATION SCENARIOS IN A
COMPARTMENT FIRE
Mahmood Tabaddor, PhD
Majji T. Rao
Predictive Modeling and Risk Analysis
Corporate Research
The Seventh Triennial
International Fire &
Cabin Safety
Research Conference
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OBJECTIVE
Assess and advance the use of CFD-based fire modeling tools (such as Fire Dynamics Simulator by NIST) to predict fire growth and spread within a compartment under different ventilation conditions.
2
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EXTERIOR VIEW OF BASEMENT
3
Fro
nt L
eft
Ba
ck R
igh
t
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INTERIOR OF BASEMENT
4
View towards back
View up the stairwell View of stair doorway
View towards front
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I-JOIST BEAM CEILING
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INSTRUMENTATION
Thermocouples Velocity Probes
6
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FUEL LOAD DETAILS
7
Igniter
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MODEL OF FULLY VENTILATED BASEMENT
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EXPERIMENTAL HRR
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Hea
t R
elea
se R
ate
(k
W)
Time (s)
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Average
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MODELING OF FUEL LOAD
10
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
HR
R
kW
Time Sec
average
FDS_HRR
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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF PALLETS
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FLAME BEHAVIOR OF FUEL LOAD
12
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MESH DETAILS
• FDS v. 5.5
• 10 x 10 x 10 cm3 cubic cell
• 100 x 150 x 60 = 900,000 cells
• Typical computational time (serial processing) = 2-4 days
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THERMAL PROPERTIES
• Non-combustible floor and walls
• Combustible wood ceiling
o Specific heat : 1.3 kJ/kg °C
o Thermal conductivity : 0.2 W/m °C
o Density : 570 kg/m3
o Ignition temperature : 250 °C
o HRRPUA : 150 kW/m2
Source: Eurocodes (EN:1995-1-2, 2006)
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VENTILATION SCENARIOS
15
• Fully Ventilated Basement (Experimental Data)
• Sequentially Ventilated
o starting with one open window
• Sequentially Ventilated
o starting from fully closed basement
• Sudden Compartmentalization
o starting from fully open basement
• Closed Basement
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FULLY VENTILATED BASEMENT
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TEMPERATURE COMPARISON
17
Basement Corner TC_2 Basement Corner TC_1
Basement Center TC_1 Basement Center TC_2
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-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Ve
loci
ty (
m/s
)
Time (s)
exp-ST
Exp-STM
Exp-SM
Exp-SBM
Exp-SB
Sim-ST
Sim-STM
Sim-SM
Sim-SBM
Sim-SB
VELOCITY AT STAIRWAY DOOR
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HRR Fully Ventilated Scenario
19
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
Hea
t R
ele
ase
Rat
e ,(
kw)
Time In Seconds,T
FDS_HRR_Open
FDS_HRR_Pallets
Wood Burning
(I Joist Beam )
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COMPARISON OF FLAMING BEHAVIOR
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FIRE PROPAGATION OVER TIME
21
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CEILING JET
22
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CEILING TEMPERATURE CONTOURS
23
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I-JOIST BURN THROUGH
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GAS TEMPERATURE CONTOUR
25
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VISUALIZATION OF FLAMES ONLY
26
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MESH REFINEMENT
27
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
c)
Time (s)
Top of Basement Door
10 cm mesh
5 cm mesh
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VARIABLE VENTILATION MODELS
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MODELING SUDDEN CHANGES IN OPENINGS
29
Initially set to zero velocity
and ambient temperature
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SEQUENTIALLY-VENTILATED WITH OPEN WINDOW
30
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HEAT RELEASE RATE
31
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
Hea
t R
elea
se R
ate
,(kw
)
Time In Seconds,T
FDS_HRR_Sequence
FDS_HRR_Pallets
Front door opened
at 180 Sec
Back Window
Opened at 210 Sec
Front window
Opened at 230 Sec
Top door opened
at 150Sec
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FIRE PROPAGATION OVER TIME
32
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GAS TEMPERATURE CONTOUR
33
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TEMPERATURES
34
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Time In Second
Corner Temperature_TC_1
ThermoCouple_Corner_01
150 sec 180 sec
210 sec
230 sec
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Tem
pe
ratu
re In
de
g C
els
ius
Time In Second
Corner Temperature_TC_4
ThermoCouple_Corner_04
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Tem
pe
ratu
re In
de
g C
els
ius
Time In Second
Center Temperature_TC_1
ThermoCouple_Center_01
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Tem
pe
ratu
re In
de
g C
els
ius
Time In Second
Center Temperature_TC_4
ThermoCouple_Center_04
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SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
35
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MODEL OF SEQUENTIALLY-VENTILATION IN INITIALLY
CLOSED BASEMENT
36
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HEAT RELEASE RATE
37
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
HR
R,(
kw/m
2)
Time In Seconds,T
FDS_HRR_Sequence
FDS_HRR_Pallets
Top Door Opened at
90 Sec.
Back Window
Opened at 60Sec. Front Door Opened at
120 Sec.
Right Window
Opened at 160 Sec.
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FIRE PROPAGATION OVER TIME
38
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SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
39
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SEQUENTIALLY-VENTILATED IN CLOSED BASEMENT
40
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SUDDEN COMPARTMENTALIZATION
41
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HEAT RELEASE RATE
42
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
He
at R
ele
ase
Rat
e in
kw
Time In Seconds,T
FDS_HRR_Compartment
FDS_HRR_Pallets
All Doors and Windows are
Closed at 150-160sec.
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OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
43
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxy
gen
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n in
mo
l/m
ol
Time In Second, Sec
X_O2_Conc_Cent_Top
X_O2_Conc_Cent_Middle
X_O2_Conc_Cent_Bottom
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FIRE PROPAGATION
44
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SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
45
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MODEL OF CLOSED BASEMENT
46
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HEAT RELEASE RATE
47
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
HR
R,(
kw/m
2)
Time In Seconds,T
FDS_HRR_Compartment
FDS_HRR_Pallets
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FIRE PROPAGATION OVER TIME
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OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
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0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Oxy
gen
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n in
mo
l/m
ol
Time In Second, Sec
X_O2_Conc_Cent_Top
X_O2_Conc_Cent_Middle
X_O2_Conc_Cent_Bottom
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HRR FOR VENTILATION SCENARIOS
50
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00
HR
R,(
kw/m
2)
Time In Seconds,T
Fully_Ventilated_Basement
Sequentially_Ventilated_Open Window
Sequentially_Ventilated_Fully_Closed_Basement
Sudden Compartmentalisation
Closed_Compartmentalisation
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THIS DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED OR DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC.
REMARKS
• Modeling of changing ventilation conditions
o Do not place openings/closings on the boundary of computational
domain
o Simplified model in FDS is very good start
o Stability issues when configuration changes too much at once
• It is very important that fire tests consider the needs of model
validation when selecting an instrumentation scheme.
• Modeling tools are the key to advancing fire safety research and
engineering
o Data rich
o Efficient and economic
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THANK YOU
Reports available at
www.ul.com/fireresearch