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a thesis submitted for the degree of
Executive Master of Enterprise Architecture
Raphaël WoutersJune 2014
Towards engineering performant, innovative and sustainable health systems
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Foundations
• Proposed Solution
• Demonstration
• Conclusions
link
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Foundations
• Proposed Solution
• Demonstration
• Conclusions
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Introduction
Aging Populations
Chronic Diseases
Power/Influence shifts
Technological Advances
Rising Costs
Inefficiencies
Irregular Quality
Unequal Access
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Problem & Motivation
Health services
- Many change drivers (transformational & incremental)
- Rarely formal/approved/accomplished health reforms
- Methodology, metaphors, governance and management style & other “best practices” from secondary sector
Current approaches don’t seem to be
(adequately) implementing these changes
Isn’t there a better way?
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Research Questions
How to (re)design performant, innovative and sustainable health systems?
RQ1. What is the contribution of the Enterprise Engineering Paradigm to the integrated design of performant, innovative and sustainable health systems?
RQ2. How can we objectively assess, compare an draft health system reform proposals conform the disciplines in the Enterprise Engineering Paradigm?
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Foundations
• Proposed Solution
• Demonstration
• Conclusions
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Research Methodology
DSRM (Hevner, et al., 2004)
DSRM Process Model (Peffers, et al., 2008)
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Objectives of the Solution
Organizational change evaluation
DescriptiveFragmentedHeterogeneous
PrescriptiveHolisticIntegrated
?
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Foundations
• Proposed Solution
• Demonstration
• Conclusions
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Literature Review
Definition of a Health System
“All organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health.”
– World Health Organization, 2000
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Reductionism vs. Holism
“Reductionism breaks things into parts and attempts to deal with each part in isolation. […] in organizational and societal settings, however, it has not been plain sailing and struggled primarily because it misunderstands the nature of human beings (yet it remains a dominant wisdom).”
– Flood, 1999
Holism: the whole is primary and greater than the sum of its parts and indicates emergence
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Problem Dissolving
“To dissolve a problem is to redesign the system or its environment so the problem is eliminated and cannot reappear.”
– Russel Ackoff
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Management vs. Governance
Management deals with executing activitiesGovernance deals with guiding those activities (adequacy, correctness)
“[…] focus on outcomes is not an effective way to improve a process or activity.”
– Deming, 1986
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Mechanistic vs. Organismic
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Other Approaches
PDCA
Lean Thinking
Six Sigma
tVM
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Foundations
• Proposed Solution
• Demonstration
• Conclusions
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Enterprise Engineering
“The whole Body of Knowledge regarding development, implementation and operational use of enterprises, as well as its practical application.”
– Dietz, 2006
Generic goals
- Intellectual manageability
- Organizational concinnity
- Social devotion
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Enterprise Architecture
“Reduction of enterprise complexity by addressing strategic objectives and areas of concern, and converting them into coherent/consistent set of enterprise design principles and standards.”
– Dietz, 2008 & Hoogervorst, 2009
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Enterprise Architecture
Reference Context
– Hoogervorst, 2013-2014
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Enterprise Governance
“The organizational capacity for devising and steering change.” – Hoogervorst, 2009
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Enterprise Ontology
Captures complexity of enterprises and focuses on implementation-independent essence.
Difficulty of comprehending structural-functionalistic aspects of enterprises is greatly reduced.
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Generic System Development Process
– Dietz, 2006
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Foundations
• Proposed Solution
• Demonstration
• Conclusions
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Proposed Solution
QuantificationMethods
AnalysisTechniques
Enterprise Engineering
Paradigm
ImprovementMethods
Enterprise EngineeringEnterprise GovernanceEnterprise Ontology
Ask why five timesDemand/Supply/Variation analysisPatient Journey MappingClinical Pathway AnalysisProcess Mining (!)Patient Stories/ProfilesService-Oriented Analysis
Demand, Experience, CostingHealth Cost-Benefit AnalysistVM’s “Purpose, Measure, Method”
Inter-transactional redesignNS TheoryLean thinking
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Foundations
• Proposed Solution
• Demonstration
• Conclusions
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Belgian Health System
Global challenges, and:
- expected staff shortage
- power balance shift
- lack of adequacy (screening/prevention, pathologies)
- surgery safety
- overconsumption
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Reform Proposals
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Reform & Anecdotal Scenarios
Case A – Medication Reconciliation
Case B – Primary Care Subsystem
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Case Approaches
Introduction
Problem Analysis
Proposed Solution
Application & Results
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Research Methodology
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Foundations
• Proposed Solution
• Demonstration
• Conclusions
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Findings
Relation to theory
- steep learning curve and emergence of EE discipline
- not all activities are transaction-based
- understandable, but after adaptation period
- desire for (unattainable) fully codified method
Relation to domain
- strong pull towards financing/expenditure
- public availability and scarcity of up-to-date/reliable data
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Conclusions
EEP & compatible techniques/methods prevents failures in strategic initiative implementations:
- solid foundational theory and methodology
- different and unified approach
- integrates several enterprise aspects coherently and consistently
- applied at different health system levels
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Future Work
- improve and extend EO modeling phase- improve design phase (domains, aspects, models)- integrate BoK of “Business Process Engineering”- expand scope, e.g. integrate with social/welfare- expand scope, e.g. by adding or segregating other
health services/care clusters- repeat application to other reform proposals
(national and European level)
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Thank you!