Download - Talk 12 Indian influence in Indian Asia
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Indian artFrom Indus valley to India today
G Chandrasekaran
S Swaminathan
Talk 12
Indian influence in Indian Asia
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India's typical monuments-rock-hewn temples
and cliff carvings
spread throughout most of Asia
following the expansion of Indic religions,
Buddhism especially, but also Hinduism.
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The shapes India created gave rise to others
the tower-pagodas of China
the mountain stupa at Borobudur in Java
sacred cities such as Angkor Vat
the bell shaped stupas of Laos and Thailand
the towers with the large, enigmatic, smiling
faces of late Khmer art
the entrance vestibules in the shape of
small temples, Javanese in style.
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The diffusion of Indian figurative art was
even more extensive than
India's cultural and religious influence
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Features reminiscent of Indian art are found in
northern Asia, in Madagascar and
along the coasts and in the inland of
eastern Africa.
But these are basically ornamental,
rather than stylistic and iconographical.
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Let us have a glimpse
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Bayon of Cambodia: A hundred faces invite you
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The Bayon temple complex is best known for the mysterious large faces on most vimanas
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There are many, as much as 200 on its 50 towers, some of them being as 8 feet high.
These faces may be of Bodhisattva Lokeshvara, and may even be make to resemble
the builder-king Jayavarman VII (12th – 13th century CE).
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In contrast to the classical style of the Bayon complex is the most striking expression of the baroque style of Khmer architecture.
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Owing to later alteration the complex gives feeling of a muddle of stones, a sort of moving chaos assaulting the sky, cluttered design with
the many towers and other structures cramping the monument.
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The complex might have represented Mount Meru, the centre of the universe
in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology, was built as a Buddhist shrine, later converted to a Hindu shrine by
Jayavarman VIII.
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The Bayon has 3 enclosures. The first enclosureThis contains the sanctum, where the original Buddhist images have been turned into Hindu images.
Market place
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The second enclosure, 250 x 240 feet,
is decorated with bas reliefs Hindu religious and
mythological scenes in inner galleries and
the outer galleries mainly show
historical events, battles and scenes from
daily life.
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Jayavarman’s naval fleet moving to defeat Cham
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Khmer army marching from eastern gallery
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An army on the march. Angkor Thom. 12-13 century CECloser to the narrative scenes of ancient India. The crowded images, the rhythm of the dance, the excited but elegant movements of the figures, make this a work of considerable artistic value.
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A rural scene
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Market place
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Dancers on the pillar
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The South-east has not merely copied India, but made an imprint of its own.
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Apsaras. Bronze. Khmer, 12th century CE
Except for gestures and dance movements the Indian elements are reduced to a minimum
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Struggle between two asuras; Banteay Srey (Cambodia); 10th-14th century CE
Unconquerable asuras trcked into killing each other for Tilottama, created for the purpose. The representation,
both in style and in costume, is typically Khmer.
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The magnificent Angkor Wat
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Suryavarman II, the builder; 12th century
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Angkor Wat is the world’s largest temple complex. Suryavarman II built it this Hindu complex with Vishnu
as the presiding deity in the 12th century. Gradually this became a Buddhist temple,
but by the 17th century it was abandoned.
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Everything about this temple is gigantic. It covers more than 400 acres and
the height from the ground to the tip of the central tower is almost 700 feet.
The complex is a high point of restrained monumentality of architecture of balanced elements and precise arrangement of its proportions,
unity and style.Towers shaped like lotus buds, half-galleries,
broad passageways and cruciform terraces form the elements.
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It is built as a temple-mountain and also as a galleried temple, with three galleries.
The temple represented Mount Meru, five mountains, the moat walls mountain ranges and the ocean.
It can be seen that reaching the final towers becoming progressively tougher.
At the centre of the temple stands a quincunx of towers.
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Angkor Wat is the world’s largest temple complex. Suryavarman II built it this Hindu complex with Vishnu
as the presiding deity in the 12th century. Gradually this became a Buddhist temple,
but by the 17th century it was abandoned.
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The five towers
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Corridor
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Decoration on the corner
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Ocean of milk is
being churned by
88 devas and
92 asuras
under the direction
of Vishnu
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Waterbirds
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Yama
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Truly magnificent, indeed!
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Following the Middle Path
of our neighbour, Srilanka
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On the left is an open-air bas relief of Meditating Buddha, beyond which a cave shrine that contains another seated Buddha. Next is a standing figure, most call it Ananda, followed by a colossal reclining Buddha.
Gal Vihara, Parinirvana, Srilanka, 12th century
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Another view
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The large 15-foot high meditating Buddha, on lotus-seat, its base being decorated with carvings of flowers and lions.
There are four identical, but small images of the Buddha carved inside small chambers.
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A similar, but smaller statue about 4 feet 7 inches is carved on the back wall of the cave.The base of the lotus shaped seat of the Buddha image here is also decorated with designs of lions. A halo, a throne and a parasol are carved behind it, more elaborate in design than the larger image, attended by Vishnu on his right.
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The 23-foot standing image standing on a lotus pedastal is of Ananda, who carries a sorrowful expression, while leaning back, its arms folded across its chest.
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This 46-foot colossal is typically Srilankan in the treatment of the face and the muscle masses of the body.
The highly stylized drapery reminds us of the Gupta school.
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Ajanta, 5th century CE
Pollonaruva, 12th century CE
Maha-pari-nirvana
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•1870-1871
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The Bodhisattva Avalokitenara.Jetavana Monastery,
Polonnaruva (Srilanka). 12th century A.D.
Indian influence on the delicacy of the modelling and the
suppleness of the pose
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Apsaras with her maidservant. Sigiriya (Srilanka), 5th century CE.
Effects of the Ajanta can be felt, but in the Srilankan manner.
The features of the faces are different from Ajanta.
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Prambanan of Indonesia World’s largest Hindu temple complex
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The Praabanan temple complex
was built in 850 CE and abandoned in 930 CE!
It is the largest temple site in Indonesia.
It is very extensive containing mains shrines
for the Hindu Trinity, their vahana-s, and
more than 200 subsidiary shrines.
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The complex is laid out as mandala
With 240 major and minor shrines in it.
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Architectural model
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Main shrines and shrines for the vahana-s
Vishnu
Siva
Brahma
Garuda
Nandi
Hamsa
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Lakshmi
Saraswati
Flank (Apita) shrines
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1
4
4 Patok (peg) shrines on the cardinal corners
2
3
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1
2 Kelir (screen) shrines
2
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4 Gopuras (Entrances)
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224 Parivara (Pervara) shrines
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Temple complex
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Siva shrine, 150 feet high
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Siva in sanctum holds akshamala, chamara, trisula, with head dress of
skull and lunar crescent and with thread of snake
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Detail of a relief in Siva shrine
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Siva shrine
Durga as Mahishasuramardini
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Siva shrine
Agastya
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Siva shrinme Ganesa
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Vishnu shrine
Vishnu idol in sanctum
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Parivara temples in ruin
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An interesting feature of this complex is the depiction of Hindu epics.
On the inner walls of the Siva temples is narration of Ramayana chronologically in 42 panels
which continues in the shrine for Brahma for another 30.
Episodes from the Krishna are also depicted in the Vishnu shrine.
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Ravana abducting Sita, who hands over her ring to Jatayu
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Tataka vadham
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Hanuman finds Sita
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Maricha vadham
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Kaliya mardana in Vishnu temple
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Dancer and her troupe
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Dancer
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There is something more to this complex, that is,
its symbolism.
Hindu cosmos divided intoBhurloka, Bhuvarloka and svarloka, both and vertically and in plan.
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Can we recapitulate?
The temple complex and the shrines within it are unique.There is a definite plan, based on a mandala layout
which has philosophic and symbolic dimensions.The temples are engineering marvel,
the main Siva shrine being 150 high.The idols in the sanctums, the minor deities,
narrative reliefs, and decorations are superb. All these have been accomplished by 850 CE.
Can we identify temples in Tamilnadu, in the South and in India of the same period
and compare them with this?
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நன்றி