![Page 1: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 2: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 3: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 4: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 5: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 6: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
![Page 7: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 8: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 9: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 10: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 11: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 12: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
![Page 13: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 14: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 15: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 16: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 17: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 18: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
![Page 19: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 20: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 21: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 22: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 23: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 24: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
![Page 25: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 26: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 27: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 28: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 29: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 30: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
![Page 31: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 32: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 33: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 34: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 35: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 36: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
![Page 37: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 38: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 39: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 40: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 41: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 42: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
![Page 43: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 44: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 45: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 46: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 47: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 48: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
![Page 49: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
![Page 50: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
![Page 51: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
![Page 52: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
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Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
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Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs
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Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________
Scientific Instruments and Measurement
S8.A.2.2
Getting the idea…
� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and
measurements.
� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.
� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more
distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.
Tables
� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read
and understand.
� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.
Table 4 – Endangered Animal
Species in the US
Year Number of
Endangered
Species
1980 174
1984 192
1988 245
1992 284
1996 324
Graphs
� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.
� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.
� There are three common types of graphs:
� Line
� Bar
� Circle
Graphing Must Haves
� Every graph must have the following:
� Descriptive title
� Label on the x-axis
� Label on the y-axis
� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or
0, 5, 10, 15)
TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER
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0
100
200
300
400
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
s
Year
US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
� The graph must take up the entire space
� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis
Line Graph
� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.
� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.
� Horizontal axis – x axis
� Independent variable
� Vertical axis – y axis
� Dependent variable
Bar Graph
� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the
relationships among variables.
� One variable is divided into parts
� The second variable must be a number
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Circle Graph
� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole
� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs
� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total
� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a
fraction of 360 degrees.
0
50
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Sp
eci
es
Animals
US Endangered Species
per Animal Group
Birds
26%
Fish
23%Mamals
21%
Clams
20%
Insects
10%US Endangered Species per
Calendar Year
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Microscopes
� Microscope were designed in 1590
� They are used in making small objects appear larger
� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of
(magnify) the image you see
� They make images 2,000 times larger
Microscopes
� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes
� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size
� Use electrons instead of light
Microscopes
� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen
Measurement
� Ruler – measures distance or length
� Length is the distance between two points
� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object
Reading a Ruler
� 1/16”
� 1/8”
� ¼”
� ½”
� 1”
Reading a Ruler
� The larger numbers are centimeters
� The small lines are millimeters
� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
Mass
� Mass is the amount of matter in the object
� Larger objects kilogram (kg)
� Smaller objects gram (g)
� Pan balance
� Triple beam balance
� Both measure mass
![Page 59: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Reading a triple beam balance
� First move the sliders to zero (0)
� The first beam reads in one gram
� The tick marks are 0.1 grams
� The second beam reads in 10 grams
� The third beam reads in 100 grams
� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an
accurate reading
� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side
� Add all numbers together
Density
� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume
� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter
� An object more dense than water will sink
� An object less dense than water will float
Time
� Stopwatch
� Clock
Volume
� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
� Graduated Cylinder
� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the
graduated cylinder
� Beaker
Weight
� Weight is a measurement of force
� Spring Scale
![Page 60: TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both variables in a line graph must be numbers. Horizontal axis – x axis Independent](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042108/5e88b3aa95965f6f314d6f43/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Thermometer
� Measures temperature
� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion
� Three Scales
� Celsius
� Kelvin
� Fahrenheit
Binoculars and Telescope
� Reveal the details of faraway objects
Computers and Calculators
� Organize data and make graphs