Download - Technical Cooperation Project RER/8/010
Electron Accelerator Facilities
Zbigniew Zimek, Sylwester BułkaDepartment of Radiation Chemistry and Technology
Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
Regional Training Course on Validation and Process Control
for Electron Beam Radiation Processing
Technical Cooperation Project RER/8/010
“Quality Control Methods and Procedures for Radiation Technology”Warsaw, Poland, 3 - 8 December 2007
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 2
Aspects of progress in development of
industrial accelerators
� Adaptation of accelerators primary built for scientific experiments
� Electron energy and beam power increase in certain accelerator
constructions
� Computer control system managing accelerator start-up, routine
operation and technological process, maintenance (diagnostics)
� Accelerator technology perfection (electrical efficiency, operation
cost)
� Compact and more efficient accelerator constructions
� Reliability improvement according to industrial standards
� Accelerators for MW power levels
� Accelerators tailored for specific use
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 3
Penetration [g/cm2] =
0.37(Energy [MeV] - 0.2)
for one side treatment
and equal entrance
and exit doses
Productivity [kg/h] =
3600 x Power [kW] x
Utilization efficiency /
Dose [kGy]
Average beam power
Although there are many different types of accelerators offering
a wide range of performances ratings, only few would be suitable
for particular application (Marshall R. Cleland, 1992).
Electron energy
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 4
General considerations
� Product to be irradiated dimensions, densities, position
� Vetical or horizontal EB direction
� Operation schedule and seasonal requirements
� Reliability of accelerator
� Control system compatible with facility automation standarts
� Remote accelerator operation and diagnostics
� Accelerator external supply service
� Factory assembling tests
� Warranty conditions and post-warranty service
� Staff training
� Facility qualification
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 5
Criterions for accelerator selection
Criterion of selection
Basic accelerator parameters� Electron energy
� Average beam powerAuxiliary accelerator parameters
� Scan characteristics
� Control system compatibility� Accelerator external supply service
Terms of accelerator purchase� Price
� Manufacturer
� Terms of delivery and installation� Warranty conditions
� Exploitation cost
Remarks
The main requirements which
define technological abilities
and facility throughput
The parameters which may
characterize accelerator for
facility design
Economical aspects which define
investments and exploitaton
costs
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 6
Accelerator/Facility external supply service
� Safety installations (personnel, radiation, high voltage, fire,
TV surveillance system)
� Electricity consumption, grounding, mains frequency
compatibility
� UPS system or additional power line
� Stand-by conditions (vacuum and temperature regime)
� Water cooling system(s)
� Compressed air or other gases provided
� Air cooling and ozone ventillation
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 7
ADVANTAGES
� Proven accelerator technology
� Simplicity of construction
� Long life power components
� High parameters stability
� High beam power
� Narrow energy spread
� Wide range of power adjustment
� Computer supported control system
� Low exploitation cost
� High quality maintenance service
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 8
DISADVANTAGES
� Prototype accelerator construction (limited exploitation
experience)
� Parameters on the edge of present limits
� Some power components with limited lifetime (magnetron)
� High electric energy demands
� Poor accelerator availability
� Small company with limited resources
� High total cost
� Difficulties in spare parts availability
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 9
Radiation process effectiveness
Acceptable price of 1 W electron beam power
Type of radiation process
Product characteristics
100-250 $/W Semiconductors
modification
Low dose Small scale
High unit price
100-50 $/W Radiation sterilization Medium dose Large scale
Medium unit price
<2.5 $/W Flue gas treatment Low dose
Very large scale No commercial value
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 10
Accelerators for radiation processing
Direct accelerator Single cavity Linear accelerator
HV cable from Coaxial cable from Waveguide from
DC power RF generator source of microwaves
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 11
Accelerators for radiation processing(achievements)
Type of Accelerator Parameter
Direct DC
RF 100 - 200 MHz
Linear microwave 1.3–9.3 GHz
Av. beam current Energy range Beam power In future Electrical efficiency
<1.5 A
0.05 – 5 MeV
~500 kW
1 MW
60 – 80 %
<100 mA
0.3 – 10 MeV
700 kW
1 MW
20 – 50 %
<100 mA
2 – 10 MeV
50 kW
100 kW
10 – 20 %
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 12
DIRECT ACCELERATORS
transformer type
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 13
List of transformer accelerator producers
� ESI - Energy Science, USA
� RPC Technologies, USA
� RDI - Radiation Dynamics, USA (IBA)
� Wasik Associates, USA
� NHV - Nissin High Voltage, Japan
� SHI - Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Japan
� High Voltage Engineering Europe, Netherlands
� INP - Institute of Nuclear Physic, Russia
� SIEA - Sci. Inst. of Electrophysical Apparatus, Russia
� Vivirad, France
� Res. Inst. of Automation for Machine-Building, China
� Inst. of Nuclear Studies, Establishment for Nuclear Equipment, Poland
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 14
Capability of D.C. Power Supplyfor transformer accelerators
Accelerator Power line transformer
Cockckroft- Walton
HF Transformer
Dynamitron
Ratings 150-1000kV 10-1000 mA
300-5000 kV 30-1000 mA
500-1000 kV 30 mA
500-5000 kV 1-70 mA
Frequency 50/60 Hz 1-3 kHz 20-50 kHz 50-100 kHz
Insulation Oil/SF6 SF6 SF6 SF6
Efficiency >90 % 70-80 % 85 % 30-60 %
Remarks Low energy High power
High energy High power
Large
High energy Low power Compact
High energy Low eff.
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 15
CASCADE ACCELERATOR
EPS-4 type
NISSIN HV, Japan
PARAMETERS:
ENERGY 1-5 MeV
STABILITY ± 2%
BEAM CURRENT 30 mA
STABILITY ± 2%
BEAM POWER 150 kW
SCANNER 1400 mm
HOMOGENEITY <± 5%
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 16
K. Mizusawa,
M. Kashiwagi,
Y. Hoshi
Radiat. Phys. Chem. Vol.
52, Nos 1-6,
Pp 475-477, 1998
5 MeV, 150 kW Electron Beam FacilityRadia Industry, Japan
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 17
High Power EB for Flue Gas Treatment
1 MW, 800 kV Power Supply 0.8 MeV, 300 kW Accelerator
NHV, Japan
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 18
ELV 12 coreless transformer acceleratorElectron energy 1 MeVBeam power 400 kWFrequency 1000 HzOne power supply Three scanners
INP, Russia
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 19
SINGLE CAVITY ACCELERATORS
single pass or multi-pass systems
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 20
RF accelerator producers
(100 - 200 MHz)
� INP - Institute of Nuclear Physic, Russia
� IBA - Ion Beam Application, Belgium
� Denki Kogyo Co, Japan
� KAPRA – Research Association, Korea
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 21
SINGLE CAVITY SINGLE PASSACCELERATORS
IŁU 6
energy 1,2-2,5 MeV
beam power 20 kW
frequency 127 MHz
IŁU 8
energy 1 MeV
beam power 20 kW
IŁU 10
energy 2-5 MeV
beam power 50 kW
frequency 115 MHz Scanner
Resonator IŁU 6
INP, Russia
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 22
ILU 12 ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
Electron energy 5 MeVBeam power 300 kWFrequency 176 MHzRF power 450 kW
Auslender V.L. et all.,
EPAC 2002, Paris, France
Accelerating structure
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 23
10 MeV ELECTRON
ACCELERATOR
RHODOTRON TYPE
1. Resonator2. Tetrode3. Water cooling system4. Support5. Electromagnet6. Vacuum pump
Frequency 107.5 MHz
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 24
TT 1000:
up to 700 kW; 7 MeV (100 mA)
up to 500 kW; 5 MeV (100 mA)
TT 300:
up to 200 kW; 10 MeV (20 mA)
up to 135 kW; 5 MeV (27 mA)
TT 200:
up to 100 kW; 10 MeV (10 mA)
up to 100 kW; 5 MeV (20 mA)
TT 100:
35 kW; 10 MeV (3.5 mA)
IBA, Belgium
ELECTRON ACCELERATORS
RHODOTRON TYPE
M. Abs et all.,
Rad. Phys. Chem., 2004
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 25
MULTI PASS
ACCELERATOR
FANTRON 1
Energy 10 MeV
Beam power 100kW
Frequency 160 MHz
RF power 220 kW
Bending magnets 16
Hyeok-jung Kwon et all
EPAC 2000, Vienna, Austria
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 26
LINEAR ELECTRON
ACCELERATORS
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 27
Linear electron accelerator producers
(microwave 1.3-9.3 GHz)� Varian, USA
� Titan Beta, USA
� RPC Technologies, USA
� American Science & Engineering, Inc., USA
� Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan
� Technical Systems Ltd, UK
� Thomson CSF, France
� Res. Inst. of Electrophysical Apparatus, Russia
� RIA TORYI, Russia
� Res. Inst. of Automation for Machine-Building, China
� Inst. of Nuclear Studies, Establishment for Nuclear Equipment,
Poland
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 28
Accelerator for medical sterilization
� Electron energy
5 – 12 MeV
� Beam power
10 – 45 kW
P.J. Cracknell
Radiat. Phys. Chem.
46 (1995) 469-472
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 29
Accelerator UEL-10-10S; 10 MeV, 10 kW
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 30
10 MeV ELECTRON ACCELERATOR WITH
LOCAL SHIELD (TOP VIEW)K.G. Carlson, C. B.
Williams, B. Lambert,
Fuh-Wei Tang
Radiat. Phys. Chem.
57 (2000) 619-623
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 31
10 MeV ELECTRON ACCELERATOR WITH LOCAL SHIELD
ELECTRON ENERGY 10 MeV DOSE 10-50 kGyBEAM POWER 3-5 kW PRODUCTIVITY up to 50 000 m3/y
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 32
COMPACT
ACCELERATOR
MeVAc
Energy 3 MeVBeam power 3 kWScanning 30 to 50 cmHeight 1 mWidth 0,3 m
THOMSON-CSF
LINAC
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 33
LINEAR ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
Electron energy 4 MeV; Length 60 cm; Weight 20 kg
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 34
American Science & Engineering, Inc.
Energy 4 MeV; X-band 9303 MHz; control interface PLC;Acceleration section RF length 40 cm
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 35
OUTPUT AND BEAM
SCANNING DEVICES
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 36
BEAM SCANNING DEVICES
ELEKTRONIKA 10/10 IŁU 6
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 37
Double beam path scanning horn
Golubenko Y. et all., INP
97-7, Russia
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 38
90° Dual Beam,
Multiple Pass
Technique
550 keV
HV-Trans-
former
550 keV
HV-Trans-
former
HUBER + SUHNER, Switzerland
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 39
ELECTRON-10 (0.5-0.75 MeV; 50 kW)
1 – Primary winding; 2 – Secondary winding; 3 – Pressure vessel;
4 – Electron source; 5 – Accelerating tube; 6 – Scanning device;
7 – Vacuum pump; 8 – Vacuum chamber; 9 – Outlet window;
10 – Turning magnet; 11 – Radiation shielding.
A.S. Ivanov, V.P. Ovchinnikov,M.P. Svinin, N.G. Tolstun,PAC 1993, Washington, USA
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 40
LINEAR SCANNING SYSTEM
CAARI 2002
Denton, Texas
November 13, 2002
VACUUM CHAMBER
ELECTRON BEAM
ELECTROMAGNET TITANIUM FOIL
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 41
COMPUTER CONTROL
SYSTEMS
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 42
Measurement and control
� Parameters measurement and accelerator control
(energy, beam current, pulse repetition, scan width,
cooling and vacuum status, and others)
� Recording parameters
� Calculating parameters for further use
� Technological data processing and recording
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 43
CONTROL ROOM IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITY FOR
FLUE GAS TREATMENT
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 44
X-RAY CONVERSION
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 45
X-RAY CONVERSION DEVELOPMENT
60
200150
5080
700
6020
150 150
20200
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
YEARS
BE
AM
PO
WE
R [
kW
]
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 46
NFI : Irradiation Room with EB
and X-ray Ports
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 47
Conveyor
Control
Truck
Yard
X-rayEB
Accelerator
Automated Storage
NFI:Irradiation Facility
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 48
Remarks� A meaningful steps can be recognized in the past of accelerator development.
Present stage of accelerator technology perfection includes: cost
effectiveness, reliability, compactness, very low energy and introduction of
MW beam power level,
� Major industrial accelerator producers are located in USA, Russia, Japan
and Belgium. Several other countries including China and Poland are
capable to produce accelerators at limited scale,
� Any practical accelerator construction must be compromise between size,
efficiency and cost,
� The progress in accelerator technology is not a quick process but can be
easily noticed in longer time scale,
� Appropriate accelerator selection should be performed to meet all technical
and economical conditions for successful process implementation,
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 49
� Highly trained personnel is not required to run modern accelerators because
of simplicity of their operation under computer support,
� Spare parts and major maintenance service should be available from the
manufacturer of the accelerator during the machine lifetime,
� New accelerators constructions can frequently offer better economic and
technical characteristics but only long time operation can reveal weak points
of certain construction in practical industrial conditions.
03 - 08 December 2007
Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,
INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 50
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION...THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION...