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Fungus, FungicidesClassification& Activity
Krishan Motha B.Sc (hons) Sp
Technical Training by:
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Fungus, FungicidesClassification& Activity
Fungus and Fungicide BasicsFungicide Mode of actionMobility in plantStrobilurine Fungicides & Cabrio TopInnovative fungicides in SL market & their features comparison
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What is a Plant Disease?A disorder in
Structure or Physiological function in a plant
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Photosynthesis Respiration Plant nutrition Plant hormone functions Photoperiodism & photomorphogenesis Environmental stress physiology Seed germination Dormancy Stomata function Transpiration………etc
What are plant Physiological functions?
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Diseased PlantProduce specific symptoms or that affects a specific location
Entering living or non living pathogenic agents in to the host plant can cause diseases (except nutrient deficiencies)
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What is a pathogen / Pathogenic agent?A living or unliving agent (infectious agent) that can cause a disease to the host
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¾
What is Disease Triangle?
All three conditions should satisfy to cause the particular disease to the susceptible host
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What is a Fungus? A group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-
producing organisms feeding on organic matter due to that lack chlorophyll
Attack crops above & below soil surface
Spread by wind, rain, insects, birds, soil, machinery & contaminated seed
Including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, & toadstools
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Life cycle known Pathogenic Fungi
Myxomycetes Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deutromycetes
Leaf Spots,Fruit spotsVascular
wilts.
Powdery Mildews, AlternariaSigatoka, Leaf Spots, Stem &
Twig Canker, Anthracnose, Fruit diseases, Post harvest
disease, Fussarium
Order : OomycetesPythium rot, Damping off,Root rot
Phytophthora Diseases Downy Mildews
club root rot of crucifers
The Rust, the Smut, Rizoctonia
Classification : Example Kingdom : Plantae Division : Phycomycetes Class: OomycetesOrder : Peronosporales Family : Peronosporaceae Genus : Phytophthora
Species : infestans
Fungi Classification
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Plant Pathology
Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831 – 1888) known as “father of plant pathology” (German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, & mycologist)
Proved plant diseases caused by fungi not by bad weather condition
Publishing the book “Research on the development of some parasitic fungi” – trial , inoculated spores of P. infestans on healthy potato
Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens & environmental conditions
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History of Fungicides Seed wheat salvaged from the sea was free of
bunt. In the middle of 17th Century the first use of brining of grain with salt water followed by liming took place to control bunt in seed wheat
Tillet (1755) found, seed-borne fungi (Tilletia tritici, T. laevis) caused bunt of wheat & could be controlled by seed treatments of lime, or lime and salt
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History of Fungicides
Year Fungicide Primary Use1637 Brine Cereal seed treatment1755 Arsenic Cereal seed treatment1760 Copper sulfate Cereal seed treatment1824 Sulfur (dust) Powdery mildew and other pathogens
1833 Lime + sulfur Broad spectrum foliar pathogens1885 Bordeaux mixture Broad spectrum foliar pathogens1891 Mercury chloride Turf fungicide1900 CuOCl2 Especially Phytophthora infestans1914 Phenylmercury chloride Cereal seed treatment
1932 Cu2OSeed and broad spectrum foliar diseases
1934 Dithiocarbamates patented Broad spectrum protectants
1940 Chloranil, Dichlone Broad spectrum seed treatment
Overview of Fungicide Development and Usage
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Fungicide Classification
1.Mobility within plants- distribution
2.By chemical group – chemical structure
3.By MOA – site of action
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Classification by mobilityContact FungicidesAdsorbed to the leaf surfacesProtective/preventive fungicides must
applied before spores germinateFungicides include Chlorothalonil,
Propineb, Maneb, Metiram, Mancozeb, KHCO3
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Systemic Fungicides Absorbed into plants Mobile in the plant upward & downward via
xylem & phloem New chemistries;
Strobilurins – Cabrio, Amista, NativoTriazoles- Tilt, Folicor, Razer…etcBensamidoles- TopsinPhenylamides- RidolCarbamates- PrevicorCAA- Acrobat
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Fungicide categories
Protectant Systemic
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Penetrant
Translamina movement / semi systemic
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Contact vs Systemic FungicidesContact/
ProtectantSystemic
Adsorbed AbsorbedImmobile MobilePreventive Preventive + CurativeMulti site of action Single site of actionFew problems with
resistanceResistant fungi strains
could developEg: Mancozeb,
Maneb, Sulfur, copper, Chlorothalonil
Eg:-Metalxil, Dimethomorph, Thiphenate methyl, Promorpcarb
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Types of Fungicides
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Classification by : Chemical GroupsFungicide
Chemical ClassAction Action on
PlantExamples
1.Copper fungicides Multisite Protectant CuO, Cu(OH)22. Inorganics Multisite Protectant Sulphur3. Dithiocarbomates Multisite Protectant Maneb, Zineb,
Metiram, Mancozeb, Thiram, Propineb
4. Chloronitriles Multisite Protectant Chlorothalonil5. Dicarboxamides Multisite Protectant
and CuratantCaptan
6. Carbamates Single site Protectant and Curatant
Propamocarb (Previcor)
7. Benzimidazole Single site Protectant and Curatant
Thiophenate methyl (Topsin)Thiobendazole
8. Carboxamides Single site Protectant and Curatant
Flutolanil (Moncut)Fluxapyroxad (not registerd yet)Boscalid
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Fungicide Chemical Class
Action Action on Plant
Examples
9. Phenylamides Single site Protectant and Curatant
Metalaxyl, Benalaxyl
10.*Azoles/Triazoles (1973)
Single Site Curatant Propiconazole, Hexaconazole, etc…
11.*Strobilurins (1996)
Single Site Protectant and Curatant
Pyraclostrobin, Azoxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin
12.*CAA fungidices (2003)
Single Site Protectant and Curatant
Dimethomorph
Fungicide Chemical Classes available in Sri Lanka
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Dithiocarbamates
Mancozeb Maneb
Propineb Metiram
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Classification : by Mode of action
MOA = How fungicide kills the target fungus
Fungicides are metabolic inhibitors MOA can be classified into 04 broad groups
1. Inhibitors of electron transport chain2. Inhibitors of enzymes3. Inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism & protein synthesis4. Inhibitors of sterol synthesis
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Nuclear division- Thiophanate methylNucleic acid synthesis- Metalaxyl
Plasma membrane- KHCO3 (Kaligreen)
Cell wall functionDimethomorph
Mitochondrial
function Strobilurins
Sulfur
ProteinsAmino acid & EnzymesChlorothalonil,DithiocarbamatesCopper
Sterol biosynthesis All Triazoles
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Multi-site inhibitor
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Protectants cannot penetrate plant tissue
Cuticle
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Systemics penetrate plant tissue as well as fungus
Cuticle
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FRAC Code Chemical Class Mode of action / inhibition
Resistance risk
1 Benzimidazoles Beta-tubulin biosynthesis high2 Dicarboximides NADH cytochrome c reductase in lipids high
3 Azoles, Pyrimidines C-14 demethylation in sterol biosynthesis medium
4 Phenylamides RNA polymerase high5 Morpholines ^8 and ^7 isomerase and ^14 reductase in sterol biosynthesis low-medium
7 Carboxamides Succinic acid oxidation medium9 Anilinopyrimidine Methionine biosynthesis medium
11 Strobilurins Mitochondrial synthesis in cytochrome bc1 high
16 Various chemistry Melanin biosynthesis (two sites) medium
40 Carboxylic acid amides Cell wall formation in Oomycetes low-medium
M1 Inorganics Multisite contact lowM3 Dithiocarbamates Multisite contact lowM5 Phthalimides Multisite contact low
Common Fungicide Classes and Mode of Actions
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1
1
2
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Why Fungicide Pre – mixtures???
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Protective Curative Eradicative
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Important hints for Fungicide recommendationCommon Oomycetes fungi
Generas
Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato Phythium – Damping off in seedling Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce Haloperonospora Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew in Corn Plasmopara - Downey mildew in Grapes Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew in cucurbits Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum &
Sugar cane
PropamocarbDimethomorphMetalaxylPyraclostrobinThiphenate methyl
CaptanThiram
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Common Ascomycetes fungi Powdery Mildews Alternaria Sigatoka Leaf Spots Stem & Twig Canker Anthracnose Fruit diseases Post harvest disease
Mancozeb..etcPyraclostrobinCarbendazimThio-phenate metyl
Alternaria Septoria Magneporathe (Blast) Rhizoctonia solani- (sheath blight)
All triazoles
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Strobilurin Fungicides
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Chemical Family- Strobilurin
Natural fungicides help the fungus to defend itself from competition by microbes present in rotting wood
Less risk - to human & the environment compared to alternatives
Discovery of Strobilurin Fungicides
Many of the newest & most important disease-control agents
Isolated from wood-rotting mushroom fungi
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Strobilurin Fungicides
Pyraclostrobin Azoxystrobin & Picoxystrobin
Fluoxastrobin Trifloxystrobin
FamoxadoneMetominostrobin
Fenamidone
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The QoI fungicides control a broad spectrum of fungal diseases Downy mildews Powdery mildews Leaf spotting Blighting fungi Fruit rotters Rusts
Spectrum of Activity
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Compatible Crops
Field crops/VegetablesCereals
OrnamentalsFruits
Turf
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Fungicide can be found on both leaf surfaces even if only one leaf surface was treated
Translaminar movement can take one to several days to be fully effective
Fungicides such as Pyraclostobin, kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobin-which are not true systemics (mesostemics / surface systemics)
The fungicide azoxystrobin moves translaminarly as well as systemically (in the plant's vascular system)
Mobility
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Importance of Mobility Translaminar movement help to compensate for incomplete
spray coverage Vapor phase redistribution help to compensate for poor
crop coverage Several days may be required for adequate protection Concerns curative disease control Excellent as preventive fungicides - effectively kill
germinating spores Best use of QoI fungicides is to apply them before fungus
development infection takes place.
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Protection stages of fungal growth
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Strobilurin fungicide MOAInhibit mitochondrial respiration in fungi
Bind at the Qo-centre on cytochrome b & block electron transfer between cytochrome b & cytochrome c1
This disrupts the energy cycle within the fungus by halting the production of ATP
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Resistance ManagementLimit the number of applications Limit the number of consecutive applications
Pre-mixtures are preferable
Use them at early stages of disease development (Preventive/Protective action)
Tank mix with other fungicides
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Effects on Plant Health• Several QoI fungicides are known to
cause growth-promoting effects
• In certain plants Pyraclostrobin has been shown to cause changes
• Growth enhancement • Delayed leaf senescence • Greater stress tolerance• Quality improvement
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Cabrio Top Cabrio Top Cabrio Top
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Powerful Innovative Fungicides in SL Market
1. Cabrio Top
2. Amista3. Nativo4. Acrobat
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Strobilurine Fungicides in SLCabrio Top Amista Nativo
Active Ingrediant & Formulation
Cabrio Top 60% WGMetiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5%
Amista 250SCAzoxystrobin 250g/l
Nativo 75% WGTebuconazole 500g/Kg + Triflocxystrobin 250g/Kg
Recommendation
600g / acreAI - 30g
120ml/acreAI- 37.5g
76g-96 g/ acre
Farmer Practice 60g * 10 tanks 15ml * 10 tanks 10g* 10 tanksAI per acre 30g 37.5g 50g + 25gPrice 600g- 3050/= 100ml-1500/= 100g-3050/=
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Cabrio Top Amista NativoActive Ingredient & Formulation
Cabrio Top 60% WGMetiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5%
Amista 250SCAzoxystrobin 250g/l
Nativo 75% WGTebuconazole 500g/Kg + Triflocxystrobin 250g/Kg
Mobility Exellent Translamina activity
Xylem immobile
Exellent Translamina activity
Xylem mobile
Exellent Translamina activity
Xylem mobileSoil activity Not uptake by
roots
Uptake by immerging shoots
Not uptake by roots
Uptake by immerging shoots
Not uptake by roots
Uptake by immerging shoots
Activity on leaves
Only translamina
Translamina & actively move to xylems
Translamina & actively move to xylems
Plant Health Effect
Not moves in to leaflets, unless direct contact
Moves in to leaflets
Moves in to leaflets
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Cabrio Top Amista NativoPlant Health Effect
Very high Low Medium
Curative and Protective action
Protectant – Primary means of control. Curative activity on selected fungi and crops.
Protectant – Primary means of control. Curative activity on selected fungi and crops.
Protectant – Primary means of control. Curative activity on selected fungi and crops.
Toxicity Moderately toxic(Blue label)
Slightly toxic(Green Label)
Moderately toxic(Blue Label)
Re entry interval
12hrs 4hrs 12hrs
Interval 7-14days 7-14days 7-14daysLabel Recommendations in SL
Onion- Purple blotch
Curcurbits-Powdery Mildew
Cucurbitacea family- Downey Mildew
Banana- Sigatoka
• Cucurbitacea family- Powdery Mildew
• Onion- Purple blotch, Anthracnose
• Capsicum- Anthracnose
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Cabrio Top & AcrobatCabrio Top Acrobat
Active Ingredients
Cabrio Top 60% WGMetiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5%
Acrobat MZ 690WPDimethomorpg 90g/KgMancozeb 600g/Kg
Controlling Diseases
Best suited for Ascomycetes & Basidiomycetes
1. Powdery Mildews2. Alternaria3. Sigatoka4. Leaf Spots5. Stem & Twig Canker6. Anthracnose7. Fruit diseases8. Post harvest disease
Not much suited to control oomycetes
Best suited for Oomycetes
1. Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato
2. Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce
3. Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce
4. Haloperonospora 5. Peronosclerospora- Downney
mildew in Corn6. Plasmopara - Downey mildew in
Grapes7. Pseudoperonospora- Downy
mildew in cucurbits8. Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in
corn Sorghum 9. Sclerospora- Downey mildew in
corn Sorghum & Sugar cane
Not much suited to control ascomycetes & basidiomycetes
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Cabrio Top Acrobat
Recommendation 600g/ac 800g/ac
Application time Best suited as a preventive fungicide/ Apply before infection
Not suited for high disease intencity time
Best suited as curative fungicide , for some fungus works in Eradicative stage alsoCould apply at the high disease intensity time
Mobility Translamina Systemic, Xylem mobile
Plant Health/Agcelence Improve the quality and yield parameters
Increase the life cycle of the crop
Increase the productivity
Increase the time take perish……….etc
No such effect
Cabrio Top and Acrobat
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Effective use of CT and AT/Ridol Identify the critical stages of the crop life cycle, which is
possible to expose diseases Decide the most appropriate fungicide accordingly
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w¾;dm,a i|yd m,sfndaOkdYl biSfïld¾higyk ^w
vqfrda. ;Sj%;d iys; m%foaYj,g&
m<uq biSu
os.= ld,Sk m%fNao i|yd
^osk 100-120&
fojk biSum<uq biSfuka osk 15g miq
m<uq biSu
flá ld,Sk m%fNao i|yd
(osk 60 – 80)
fojk biSum<uq biSfuka osk 15g miq
බූම් ෆ්ලවර්a
බූම් ෆ්ලවර්a
SEED SPROUTING 20 DAYS 30-35 DAYS 40-45 DAYS 55-60 DAYS 65-70 DAYS 80 DAYS 90 DAYS
1 2 3 4biSfï jdr .Kk
Leírsfhdaටොප්
welafrdneÜ රිට ොල්
leírsfhda ටොප් welafrdneÜරිට ොල්
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w¾;dm,a i|yd m,sfndaOkdYl biSfïld¾higyk ^by< frda. ;Sj%;d iys; m%foaYj,g&
ie'hq (by< frda. ;Sj%;dm<uq biSu
flá ld,Sk m%fNao i|yd
(osk 60 – 80)
fojk biSum<uq biSfuka osk
15g miq
we;súg biSfï jdr wka;r wvql< hq;=h'm<uq biSu
os.= ld,Sk m%fNao i|yd
^osk 100-120&
fojk biSum<uq biSfuka osk 15g miq
බූම් ෆ්ලවර්a
බූම් ෆ්ලවර්
SEED40-45 DAYS 50-55 DAYS 60 DAYS 80 DAYS 90 DAYS
1 2 5biSfï jdr .Kk
welafrdneÜරිට ොල්
කැබ්රිය�ෝයොප්a
කැබ්රි ය�ෝයොප්a
SPROUTING 20 DAYS
welafrdneÜරිට ොල්
welafrdneÜරිට ොල්
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Thank You