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Tectonic boundaries and hot spots
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A useful reference
http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/sitemap.html
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html#anchor19309449
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Types of Plate Boundaries
• Divergent - Pull apart- Mid Ocean Ridges• Convergent- Come together- subduction zones-
Andes Mts.• Transform- sliding past each other- San Andreas
fault zone California
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The all inclusive Plate boundary picture
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Volcanoes
• Mid Ocean volcanoes • Mostly basaltic• Source of magma is hot mantle area.• Shield type volcanoes
• Continental Margins and Island Arcs• Source of Magma is mostly remelting of pre-
existing rocks, through the continental crust, producing Andesite and Rhyolite lavas
• Stratovolcanoes
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Earthquakes
• Earthquake locations are used to determine the plate boundaries.
• Plates are the large pieces of the earth that have few earthquakes, the boundaries are where the earthquakes occur because this is where the blocks of the earth are interacting with each other, pushing into each other, sliding past each other
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Tectonic boundaries and hot spots
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Mid-ocean Ridges with Transform FaultsThe orientation of Transform faults help to determine plate motion
direction. These have shallow earthquakes
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Trenches at Island ArcsThese have shallow to deep earthquakes and usually rhyolitic flows
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The west coast shows aspects of both subduction in the north and transform motion in the south
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The Formation of granitic bodies as a result of subduction and melting of surface rocks
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Erosion of the Earth’s
surface exposes
these granitic bodies
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Major locations of granitic bodies in the North America
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The Plate Boundaries with the motion of the plates indicated by arrows
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Convective heat flow from inside the Earth is the ultimate cause of volcanoes, earthquakes,
and plate motion. When the Earth cools completely –no more volcanoes etc.
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Earthquake Waves
• There are three types of seismic waves that travel through and on the earth– P waves - Compressional travel about 6 km/sec
• Travel trough both solids and liquids
– S waves – Shear waves travel about 4 km/sec• Travel only through solids (not the liquid outer core)
– Surface waves- travel only along the surface at about 3.5 km/sec
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Seismic Body Waves
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Shadow Zones…
How do we know how
big the liquid core
is?
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Interior of the Earth
The earth’s interior is divided into Crust 0-35 km
Mantle 10-2900 km Outer Core 2900-5200 km Inner Core 5200-6000 km From Earthquake studies
Also: Lithosphere 0-100 km Asthenosphere 100-700
kmBased on rigid vs. plastic
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HOT SPOTS OF THE WORLD
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Hot spots can show the direction of plate motion
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Problems Not solved
• Driving Mechanism
• Why Hot Spots
• How deep does convection take place
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Driving forces :Convection, Slab pull, Ridge push
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Some mineral locations of North America
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Types of mountains or mountain ranges
• Volcanic- West coast –Mt. Rainer
• Fault, trusting – Western U.S. Basin and Range area- Nevada
• Folded – Appalachian Mts. Eastern Pa, West Virginia etc.
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USA Relief Map
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Pennsylvania - folded ridge and valley area
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Metamorphic region of Eastern U.S,
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Wisconsin Tectonic History
1
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Wisconsin Tectonic History 2
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Wisconsin Tectonic History 3
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Igneous Adirondacks NY
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Typical compass for class use
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Direction a compass points in U.S.
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Earth’s Dipole Magnetic Field
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Reversal of the Earth’s magnetic Field
Present world - arrows in at North
Reversed field – arrows out at North
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Before 500 years before middle of reversal
Middle of reversal 500 year after middle of reversal
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Example evidence from Igneous rocks: Lava flows and sea floor magnetic anomalies
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Comparison of Polar wander curves
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Wisconsin Aeromagnetic map
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The complex geologic tectonics
of the Midwest