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Dr. Dietmar Mueller
Fraunhofer Institut Chemische Technologie ( ICT ),
D-76327 Pfinztal, [email protected]
Walter Langlotz
Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co. KG
D -
90552 Roethenbach a. d. Pegnitz, Germany
2009 Insensitive Munitions and Energetic Materials Technology Symposium
May 11 -
14, 2009
Tucson, Az, U.S.A.
Temperature Independent Gun Propellants Based On NC And DNDA For IM Ammunition
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Content
Introduction
Processing Technology
Low Temperature Coefficient (LTC) Propellants
●
Temperature Behaviour, Closed Vessel
Results
●
Characteristics of the Propellant Components
Propellant Performance, Safety & Sensitivity Data ●
Long -
Term Storage Stability
●
Influence of the Crystalline Components●
IM Characteristic of the Propellant
●
Shaped Charge Tests●
Erosivity
Gun Firing in different Calibers
PELE Cartridge
Results & Conclusion
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Since approx. 100 years are known the Nitrocellulose Propellants
Self -
Ignition Temperature ~ 175 °C
Also the Multi Base Propellants like SCDB and EI, ECL Propellants are
giving the Self -
Ignition at ~ 175 °C
Nitrocellulose Propellants based on DNDA and RDX the LTC Propellants are showing
First Generation
Self -
Ignition Temperature 200 -
210 °C
Second Generation
Self -
Ignition Temperature > 220 °C ( Eurofighter Propellant etc. )
Introduction
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Continuous Process -
Shear Roll Mill
-
Twin Screw Extruder (TSE) ZSK 58E
Batch Process -
Kneader
/ Mixer
-
Rampress
Processing Technology for Insensitive Gun Propellants based on DNDA
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Shear Roll Mill (Continuous Process)
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DNDA Gun
Propellants
RDX ( or FOX-7, FOX-12
)
Binder, Nitrocellulose
DNDA Plasticizer
energy
density
adaptable
flame
temperature
approx. 500 K lower
compared to NC Propellants
Plasticizer
mixed
into
the
Propellant
-
Dough
NO SURFACE COATING
Formulation Impetus (J/g) Flame Temp (K) Mw (g/mole) A 1080 2540 19.4 B 1180 2910 20.8 C 1300 3390 21.6
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Los 190705 - Temperaturbeschuß bei =0.2g/ml in Vb=310 ml
343 K 336 K 323 K 294 K 233 K
Lebh
aftig
keit
[1/(M
Pa*s
)]
relativer Abbrand z
Closed Vessel Behaviour of LTC PropellantsVivacity of Gun Propellant based on DNDARange -40 °C till +70 °C
LOS 190705 -
Firing at different temperatures ∆=0.2g/ml in Vb
=310ml
p / pm
Viv
acity
[1/
MP
a*s
]
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0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
0,22
0,24
. -40°C 0°C 10°C 21°C 30°C 50°C
propellant temperature (°C)
linea
r bur
ning
rate
(m/s
)
3000 bar
2500 bar
2000 bar
1500 bar
Linear burning rate of LTC Propellants at different pressures
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ARC Measurement of several Nitrocellulose (NC) Types
NC M30 NC CP2 P10
NC 66
NC 53
0,01
0,1
1
10
120 130 140 150 160 170Temp. [°C]
Acce
lera
ting
Rat
e [°
C/M
in.]
Acc
eler
atin
g R
ate
[°C
/min
].
Temp. [°C]
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ARC Measurements of RDX, FOX-12 and DNDA
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260Temp. [ °C ]
Acc
eler
atin
g R
ate
[ °C
/min
]
FOX-12
RDX
FOX-7DNDA
Acc
eler
atin
g R
ate
[°C
/min
].
Temp. [°C]
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ARC DNDA-5,7 compared with NENA
DNDA
NENA
DNDA
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260Temp. [°C]
Acc
eler
atin
g R
ate
[°C
/min
]..A
ccel
erat
ing
Rat
e [°
C/m
in].
Temp. [°C]
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Heat - Development at 89°C
DNDA 120401WH
DNDA 120401WH Q
-13
-11
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0
Time(Days)
dQ/dt (µW/g)
-0,03
-0,02
-0,02
-0,01
-0,01
0,00Q (J/g)
Microcalorimeter Result of DNDA-5,7 Endothermic Behaviour
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ARC Accelerating Rate Investigations of DNDA -
Propellants
compared with CAB-Lova, M30, Single Base and Double Base
Single BaseCAB-LOVAM30-TLP
DB
180707E 02/01
E 03/01
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
110 130 150 170 190 210
Acc
eler
atin
g R
ate
[°C
/min
].
Temp. [°C]
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DNDA Propellant90°C
00,30,60,91,21,51,82,12,42,7
3
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Days [d]
ML [%]
MV-MittelML average
Long -
Term Storage Stability at 90 °C Mass -
Loss over Time
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RDX
i-RDX
FOX-7
FOX-12
Pictures of RDX, FOX-7, FOX-12
RD
XR
DX
i-RD
X
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Influence of the Crystalline Components onto Compression Test
RDX
FOX-7
FOX-12
Crystalline Energetics Compression -
Test Vivacity
RDX -
TLP
FOX-7 -
TLP
FOX-12 -
TLP
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Los 020508 im Kompressionstest - Beschuss bei =0.2g/ml in Vb=307 ml
020508 nach Kompressionstest 020508 original
Lebh
aftig
keit
[1/(M
Pa*
s)]
relativer Abbrand z
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Los 250408 im Kompressionstest - Beschuss bei =0.2g/ml in Vb=307 ml
250408 nach Kompressionstest 250408 original
Lebh
aftig
keit
[1/(M
Pa*
s)]
relativer Abbrand z
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Los 180408 im Kompressionstest - Beschuss bei =0.2g/ml in Vb=307 ml
180408 nach Kompressionstest 180408 original
Lebh
aftig
keit
[1/(M
Pa*
s)]
relativer Abbrand z
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RDX
FOX-7
FOX-12
Crystalline Energetics Light Microscope Pictures Shaped Charge Test Cart. 35mm
Influence of the Crystalline Components onto Shaped Charge Test
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Shaped Charge Tests
DNDA Propellant ICT 1 ( RDX ), ICT 20 ( i-RDX )
Class A Class A
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ICT 3
Class B
Shaped Charge Test
DNDA Propellant ICT 3, Class B Test Result
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Shaped Charge Test
DNDA Propellant ICT 23, Class A Test Result
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FOX-12 Prop.
RDX Prop.
RDX Prop. ICT 1
FOX-7 Prop
ICT 23
i-RDX Prop. ICT 20
RDX Prop. mod. DNDA
ICT 3Reaktion Class Shaped Charge Test 35 mm cal.
O no
ReactionA A A A B
Friction Sensitivity [ N ] 240 290 288 252 240 240
Impact Sensitivity [ Nm ] 6,0 6,5 6,0 7,5 6,0 5,0
Self-Ignition Temp. [ °C ] ~ 170 * > 220 * ~ 220 ~ 200 ~ 216 ~ 219
1“ Detonation Tube
MG 50 /12.7 mm cal. * *
* WIWEB Results
* no Detonation
Sensitivity Data of different DNDA -
Propellants
IM Reaction Type 5 ( MIL – STD 2105 B )
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Force (J/g)
mas
s lo
ss (%
)
double base
double base
triple base
triple base
single base
single base
single base
LTC 1
LTC 2LTC 3
LTC 4
LTC 5
Erosivity of LTC Propellants and Conventional Propellants
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2200
2600
3000
3400
3800
4200
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Prop 2
Prop 1
Prop 3
max
imum
gas
pre
ssur
e (b
ar)
Propellant temperature (°C)
40 mm cal. Gun Firing Tests of 3 LTC Propellants based on DNDA, NC, RDX
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gas pressure
vs
temp. muzzle
velocity
vs
temp.
Test Firing
Gun
40
mm cal. Propellant
based on Fox-7, NC, DNDA-5,7
Beschuss Kal. 40 mm, Los 080308, FOX - 7 TLP
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 20 40 60 80Temp. [°C)
P max
[bar
]
40 mm cal. L70, Los 080308,
FOX-7 Propellant Beschuss Kal. 40 mm, Los 080308, FOX 7 - TLP
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
0 20 40 60 80Temp. [°C]
V 10 [
m/s
]
40 mm cal. L70, Los 080308,
FOX-7 Propellant
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Beschusss Kal. 40 mm L70, Los 140108, FOX - 12 TLP
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 20 40 60 80Temp. [C°]
P max
[bar
]
40 mm cal. L70, Los 140108,
FOX-12 Propellant Beschuss Kal. 40 mm L70, Los 140108, FOX - 12 TLP
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
0 20 40 60 80Temp. [°C]
V max
[m/s
]
40 mm cal. L70, Los 140108,
FOX-12 Propellant
Propellant based on FOX-12, NC, DNDA-5,7
Test Firing Gun 40 mm cal.
muzzle
velocity
vs
temp.gas pressure
vs
temp.
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V o vs T
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
Temp. [ °C ]V
o [
m /
s ] JA 2
LTC Prop
- 40 + 21 + 50
P m vs T
3000350040004500500055006000
Temp. [ °C ]
P m
[ ba
r ]
- 40 + 21 + 50
JA 2
LTC Prop
Test Firing
in 75 mm cal. Model Gun ( Diehl BGT )Optimized
propellant
for
firing
at 21°C, RDX, DNDA based
muzzle
velocity
vs
temp.gas pressure
vs
temp.
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1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
V o
in [
m /
s ]
- 40 + 21 + 50Temp. [°C]
LTC-Prop. 2
Test Firing
in 75 mm cal. Model Gun ( Diehl BGT )Performance optimized propellant, RDX, DNDA based
muzzle
velocity
vs
temp.gas pressure
vs
temp.
JA2
3000350040004500500055006000
Pm [
bar ]
JA2
- 40 + 21 + 50Temp. [°C]
LTC-Prop. 2
P m vs T V o vs T
JA2
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2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
propellant temperature (°C)
max
. pre
ssur
e (b
ar)
pressure limit
EF Propellant
Gun Firing 27 mm cal. Eurofighter
pressure vs temperature
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800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
propellant temperature (°C)
muz
zle
velo
city
(m/s
)
EF Propellant
Gun Firing 27 mm cal. Eurofighter
muzzle velocity vs temperature
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EF Propellant 27 mm cal. Eurofighter PELE -
Cartridge
Combustion Temperature
2900 K Gun Erosion like Single Base Propellant
Force
1140 J/g
Ignition Temperature > 220 °C
Cook -
off Cartridge 27 mm cal.
27 mm Gun Tube Mauser, MATE ( Mauser )
Q 5560
( Ref. Prop. ) 125 °C 3,5 h Ignition
EF -
Propellant 125 °C
8,5 h No Ignition
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PELE®
projectile DM 83 and DM 93 (with tracer)
EF DNDA gun propellant
PELE Cartridge 27 mm cal.PELE = Penetrator with Enhanced Lateral Efficiency
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LTC Propellants
based on DNDA-5,7 and RDX for a wide
Caliber
-
Range
Excellent Shaped Charge Test Results ( Reaction Class A )
High Self-Ignition Temperature > 220 °C
Insensitive, Reaction Type 5 ( MIL -
STD 2105 B ) IM Characteristic
MG 12.7 mm cal. firing on Steel Tube with propellant
Excellent
Long-Term
Stability
Low Combustion Temperature at High Force and Low Gun Tube Erosion
Less Sensitive in Hot Gun Tube ( MATE )
Propellant Charge for Eurofighter Gun, 27 mm cal. PELE Cartridge
Results
&
Conclusion
Temperature Independent Gun Propellants�Based On NC And DNDA For IM AmmunitionSlide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32