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Temporal Variation in Leaf Litter
Invertebrates Available to
Plethodon cinereusZachary Barker
Dr. Tanya Matlaga & Dr. Carlos Iudica
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Plethodon cinereus
Slender woodland salamander
Lungless salamander
Ash color with red/orange stripe middorsal (can exhibit a lead phase)
Males
42.3mm SVL and 83mm ToL (average)
Females
44mm SVL and 83mm ToL (average)
(Hulse et al. 2001)
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Life History
Activity
Live under rocks, logs, leaf litter, small burrows (Frisbie and Wyman, 1991)
10% active on surface(Taub, 1961)
Approx. 1 animal/m2(Heatwole, 1962)
Development
Terrestrial
Direct Development (Burger, 1935)
Lifespan
Plethodontid salamanders- 32 years (Hairston, 1983)
P. jordani- 9.8 years (Hairston, 1983)
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Laura Blackburn, Priya Nanjappa, and Michael J. Lannoo (2001) US Amphibian Dist. Maps (http://home.bsu.edu/home/00mjlannoo/)
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Why Study P. cinereus? Important components to the
trophic structure in some
forests (Burton and Likens,1975)
High efficiency in converting
consumed energy to
biomass (60%) (Burton and Likens,1975)
May equal the amount of
biomass of mice and shrews (Burton and Likens,1975)
Common species, easy to
find and study
They can be marked to
identify individuals
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Why Study Invertebrates?
P. cinereus prey on several different types
of invertebrates:
Termites, flies, earthworms, spiders,
springtails and more (Cockran, 1911)
Give insight to P. cinereus activity
General knowledge of species to species
relationships
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Questions to be AnsweredDoes diversity of leaf litter invertebrates available
to P. cinereus differ temporally though the year?
What is the phenology of invertebrate diversity?
Does moisture content play a role in activity?
Does the abundance of invertebrates have a
relationship with abundance of salamanders?
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Hypothesis When P. cinereus are more active, the invertebrate diversity
will be lower
Predictions
Invertebrate diversity will fluctuate due to phenology
Depending on leaf litter moisture content, we expect to see a
difference in the number of invertebrates
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Site Description Camp Karoondinha
Eastern deciduous forest
3 Sites with 3 plots each
Each plot, 50 cover boards
councils.scouting.org
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Image from Google Maps
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Methodology: P. cinereus
Collect salamanders
Determine if it has
been marked
If so: recapture
If not: new capture
Measure SVL & ToL
Determine sex
Count eggs
Mark with VIE (visible
implant elastomer)
under each limb
Abiotic Measurements
Air and soil temp
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Methodology: Invertebrates Field Sampling
Random sampling
20cm x 20cm samples
3 samples per plot (n=27)
Collect down to organic layer of soil
20cm
20cm
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Methodology: Invertebrates Berlese Funnel Methods
Weigh samples
3 times (Wet, Dry 1, Dry 2)
In funnel for one week
Collect invertebrate
samples in alcohol
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Methodology: Invertebrates Analysis and Quantification of Invertebrates
Using a dissecting scope
Identify to taxonomic order
Quantity
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Analysis- Summary of Data 9 plots (3 in each of 3 sites)
Multiple sampling dates:
6 in spring, 6 in fall
Biotic measures:
salamander activity (number found/plot)
Invertebrate diversity (per plot)
Abiotic measures:
Leaf litter moisture, air temperature, soil temperature
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Analysis- Summary of Data 9 plots (3 in each of 3 sites)
Multiple sampling dates:
6 in spring, 6 in fall
Biotic measures:
salamander activity (number found/plot)
Invertebrate diversity (per plot)
Abiotic measures:
Leaf litter moisture, air temperature, soil temperature
Shannon –Wiener Index
of Diversity: species
richness and the
proportion of each
species
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Analysis- Summary of Data 9 plots (3 in each of 3 sites)
Multiple sampling dates:
6 in spring, 6 in fall
Biotic measures:
salamander activity (number found/plot)
Invertebrate diversity (per plot)
Abiotic measures:
Leaf litter moisture, air temperature, soil temperature
Shannon –Wiener Index
of Diversity: species
richness and the
proportion of each
species
Correlation Coefficients:
strength of the
relationship between
invertebrates and P.
cinereus activity
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Analysis- Summary of Data 9 plots (3 in each of 3 sites)
Multiple sampling dates:
6 in spring, 6 in fall
Biotic measures:
salamander activity (number found/plot)
Invertebrate diversity (per plot)
Abiotic measures:
Leaf litter moisture, air temperature, soil temperature
Shannon –Wiener Index
of Diversity: species
richness and the
proportion of each
species
Correlation Coefficients:
strength of the
relationship between
invertebrates and P.
cinereus activity
Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA): how
invertebrate diversity
varies by site and
sampling date
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Preliminary Results Diversity and Abundances of
Invertebrates
Oribatida (mites) Collembola (springtials) Mesostigmatida (mites)
Trombidiformes (mites) Opilioacarida (mites) Araneida (spiders)
Diplopoda (millipedes) Chilopoda (centipede) Hymenoptera
Diptera (flies) Pseudoscorpionida Larvae
Unidentified
http://people.stfx.ca/btaylor/Biology%20
474/Images/Animals/mesostigmatid%2
0mites%20good%202.jpg
http://www.pbase.com/tmurray74/image/152315738
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4/2 4/17 5/7 9/12 9/24 10/7
3,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
0.00
Sample Site CHCO
ECO
Sampling Date
Mean N
um
ber
of In
vert
ebra
tes
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Number of Salamanders
Num
ber
of
Invert
ebra
tes
Sample Site
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4/2 4/17 5/7 9/12 9/24 10/7
Sampling DateAvera
ge N
um
ber
of
Invert
ebra
tes p
er
g o
f D
ry L
eaf
Litte
rSample Site
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Sample Site
Sampling Date
Mean N
um
ber
of In
vert
ebra
tes
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4/2 4/17 5/7 9/12 9/24 10/7
Sampling Date
Sample Site
Estim
ate
d M
arg
inal M
eans
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51%47%
0%2%1%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%
ECO April 2, 2014
Acari (mites)
Collembola
Pseudoscorpionida
Araneae
Hemiptera
Hymenoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Class Diplopoda
Class Chilopoda
Opilioacarida
Larvae
Snail
Unidentifiable
Thysanoptera (thrip)
Class Pauropoda
Psocoptera (psocids)
Blattodea
Haplotaxida
Orthoptera
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87%
12% 0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%
ECO May 7, 2014
Acari (mites)
Collembola
Pseudoscorpionida
Araneae
Hemiptera
Hymenoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Class Diplopoda
Class Chilopoda
Opilioacarida
Larvae
Snail
Unidentifiable
Thysanoptera (thrip)
Class Pauropoda
Psocoptera (psocids)
Blattodea
Haplotaxida
Orthoptera
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90%
9% 0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%
ECO September 24, 2014
Acari (mites)
Collembola
Pseudoscorpionida
Araneae
Hemiptera
Hymenoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Class Diplopoda
Class Chilopoda
Opilioacarida
Larvae
Snail
Unidentifiable
Thysanoptera (thrip)
Class Pauropoda
Psocoptera (psocids)
Blattodea
Haplotaxida
Orthoptera
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Questions and Acknowledgments Penn State University
Dr. David Miller
David Munez
Susquehanna University Biology Department and Facilities
Camp Karoondinha