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RainGarden Basics
By W. Anderson, Rutherford Co.
Master Gardener& Professor MTSU
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Why and How?• Regulations
Federal
State
Local
• Bio-remediate
It’s cheap
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Why a storm water user fee?• EPA
• Maintain and replace infrastructure
• Improve stream water quality
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State and EPA requirements• Murfreesboro
• Designated urban area
• EPA requires
• MS4 program
• Ensure water quality in local bodies of
water
• Requires milestones to met-need
equipment, training, staffing
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MS4 program• Storm Water Phase II Rule
EPA effort preserve, protect & improve waterresources
Phase II Rules• MS4 storm water management program
Reduce discharge of pollutants by maximum extent
practicable (MEP) Satisfy Clean Water Act
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MS4 control measures• 1. Public education & outreach
• 2. Public participation/involvement
• 3. Illicit discharge & elimination
• 4. Construction site runoff control
• 5. Post-construction runoff control
• 6. pollution prevention/good housekeeping
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Maintain & replace infrastructure
• Infrastructure
• In place some time
• Pipers clog
• Impede storm water flow
• Open ditches gradually fill
• Vacuum and water jet trucks
• Replace with BMP
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Improve stream water quality• Murfreesboro streams impaired
• Streams may not be suitable for certainaquatic life/human recreation
• Monitoring/research useful-aid in streamquality
• BMP Bio retention area, debris catchments, bank
restoration
• Improve water quality
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Public outreach & education• Public out reach
• Ensure water quality
• School education program
• Workshops
• Low impact development
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BMP improvement• Restoration
• Habitat
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What is an impervious
surface?• Rainwater cannot infiltrate
• More water volume-runoff into storm drain
• Storm water fee
• Median impervious area of single familyresidential [SFU] propertied-3,470 sq ft
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What is an impervious
surface?• Review of 20,000 + properties
• $3.25 per month
• Commercial property- how manyequivalent SFUs
• Commercial – 34,700 sq ft = 10* $3.25=
$32.50
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How fee billed?• SFU-added to bill
• Apartment-bill property owner
• Commercial- bill property owner
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What is goal of storm water
fee?• Maintain water quality
• Allow city to comply – federal-stateregulations-unfunded mandate
• Flood damage reduction/drainage
• Long term maintenance
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What is goal of storm water
fee?• Protect water supply
• Stream restoration
• BMP-road construction
• Education for schools
• Workshops for better water quality
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What can you do for clean water?
• Conserve water
• Keep grass clipping out of stream
• Keep restaurant and business waste away
from rain
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What can you do for clean water?
• Use min herbicides/fertilizers & keep offpaved surfaces
• Pick up pet waste
• Report water pollution
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More information• And other slide shows
• http://www.murfreesboro.gov/government/ water_sewer/stormwater.htm
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Want to avoid
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What really goes down the drain?
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Rain Garden Rain Water
ManagementRetrofitting Middle Tennessee
State University
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History• This power point is the result of work
completed students in ABAS 3370 and4370. Mr. Larry Sizemore’s valuable
resource in guiding students and myself.• Dr. W. Anderson has edited the power
point text students submit at the end of thesemester 2005, 2006 & 2007.
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What is the system currently used to
manage rain water at MTSU?
•Roof runoff to points away from campusbuilding.
•Lawns and paved areas direct surface waterto constructed drainage way
•Water is directed a basin next to RutherfordBlvd.
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What are some of the problems
caused by these methods?
• Petrochemicals from parking lot runoff
• Metals from parking lot runoff• Sediments from parking lot runoff
•
Sinks and sinkholes developed in Karsts terrain.
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MTSU Campus Map
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Blowup of MTSU campus map
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Location of Rain Gardens One
and Two
• Rain Gardens One (F 2005-Sp 2006) andTwo (F 2006) are near the MTSU campusgreenhouse (GH) and Horticulture Center
(HC).• Rain Garden Three (F 2007) is south of
rain garden one.
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Runoff from Parking Lot #302
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Surface drainage ditch on
campus parking lot #302
• The photo looks North toward the campusgreenhouse and Rain Gardens One andTwo.
• This is where Rain Garden Three wasconstructed.
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Are there alternative ways of
dealing with runoff?• A decentralized system directs water and
contain it in a naturalized setting.
• A decentralized system can minimize
runoff of an average rain by 90%• Allowing plants and soil to filter pollutants
from water.
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What is a decentralized runoff
management system?• Runoff water directed into rain gardens
• Rain Garden shallow basin allow runoff water topercolate through the soil and transpire throughthe plants.
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How does a decentralized
system work?Two ways:
1) Plant canopy; trees, shrubs, and
un-mowed grasses reduces water that
reaches the ground.2) Rain garden acts as collection points,
an infiltration device (sponge) for runoff
water from the surrounding area not
covered by rain garden canopy.
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MTSU-time frame
• Began Rain Garden One the Fall 2005.
• It was completed Rain Garden One the
Spring 2006.
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MTSU-time frame
• Began and finished Rain Garden Two theFall 2006.
• The rain gardens collect runoff from gravel
parking lots West and North of theHorticulture Center.
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MTSU-time frame• Began and finished Rain Garden Three
during the Fall 2007 Semester
• The rain garden collects runoff from
parking lot number 66.
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Decentralizing the pre-existing
drainage system at MTSU
• Subsequent classes will build rain gardensalong the drainage ditch that runs from theHorticultural Center to the drainage basin
by Rutherford Blvd (approximately ½ mile).
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Surface Drain system being
retrofitted with Rain Gardens (RG)
Green
house Commons-undergrounddrain line
Basin
RG 1&2
RG3
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Looking North toward Rain
Garden one and site for RG3
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Rain Garden 3 after
Excavation
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Before Rain garden one
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Rain garden one
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Rain Garden one• Deeper and longer than on in a residential
landscape
• Why?
• It had to fit in an existing drainage ditch
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How to Plan a Rain Garden• The garden should be down slope from the
area that is draining into it.• Small rain gardens are easier to maintain
than one large garden.
• Be careful of how close the garden is to anybuildings. If closer than ten feet it mayinterfere with the foundation.
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Building Rain Garden Two:
Placement• The second rain garden is between the
greenhouse and the eastern section ofparking lot #302.
• It also capture and absorb water from thegraveled lot that is West of the Horticulture
Center.
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Other Placement
Considerations• Do not place over a septic system or in an area
of the yard where water pools.• The garden should drain well.
• How a soil drains can be determined by the
watching the site after a rainfall event Does it drain within 2 to 3 day
If not infiltration and percolation rate can be estimated.
• Clay soil or compacted soil are unsuitable soilscan be amended with sand to allow betterinfiltration.
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What is water infiltration?• How quickly does water move into a soil?
• Watch an area after a rain fall event.
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What is the percolation rate?
• The percolation rate in the number of minutes
inches required for one inch of water through asoil.
• The class used these perc rates:
<60 minutes/inch60-75 minutes/inch
>75 minutes/inch• A good rate for a rain garden is <60 minutes perinch.
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How to determine percolation rate by soil
texture?
• Using a post hole digger, dug holes 6 to 8 inches for ashallow basin or 24 to 36 inches deep basin.
• Faster than 60 minutes per inch Excavate a medium or fine textures subsoil Fine reddish textured subsoil
• 60 to 75 minutes per hour Soils that have reddish fine textured subsoil at least 24
inches and yellow clay between 24 to 36
• Slower than 75 minutes per inch Excavate bed rock within 36 inches or soil having is yellowish, grayish, or blackish fine
textured subsoil
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Building Rain Garden Two:
The Percolation Rate• Excavated holes in the proposed Rain
Garden site 24 inches deep andequidistant apart.
• Filled holes with water and time how fastthe drop one inch several times. Stick atooth pick in the side of the hole.
• Measure water drop. Refilled the holes.
B ildi R i G d T
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Building Rain Garden Two:
Size• The size of the rain garden can be
calculated.• The sized required to capture drainage
was determined by Larry Sizemoreobservations.
• Dimensions: 8 feet x 24 feet by 6 inches
deep
Fi di h A R i
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Finding the Area a Rain
Garden• Determine the area to be drained in the garden.
• For example if the garden is to catch water froma rain spout use the part of the roof that drainsinto that spout.
• Lawns, driveways, and other paved areas mayalso be the source of water for a rain garden.
• The area to drained can be multiplied by a sizefactor to determine the area of the rain garden.
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Size factors are determined according to the type of soiland the depth of the garden and differ if the garden is
<30’ or >30’ from a building.
<30Feet
3-5”deep
6-7”deep
8”deep
Sandy
Soil
0.19 0.15 0.08
SiltySoil
0.34 0.25 0.16
Clayey Soil
0.43 0.32 0.20
>30 feetFor all depths
Sandy Soil 0.03
Silty Soil 0.06
Clayey Soil 0.10
% Sl R l h D h
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% Slope Relates to the Depth
of the Rain Garden• For slopes <4%, the garden depth should
be 3-5 inches deep.
• Between 5-7%: 6 to 7 inches deep
• Between 8-12%: about 8 inches deep
• For slopes over 12%, another location
should be considered.
C l l i h A f h
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Calculating the Area of the
Rain Garden• Find your slope.
• String line level, uphill & down hill• Difference in height (rise) of stakes betweenstring and ground
• Distance between stakes (run).• Rise/run multiplied by100 equals percent
slope.
D fi i th Sh f th
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Defining the Shape of the
Rain Garden• Shape should be aesthetic.
• Length of the garden should beperpendicular to the slope. Why? Catch as
much water as possible.• Garden should be about twice as long as it
is wide.• Width should be no more than 10-15 feet.
B ildi R i G d T
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Building Rain Garden Two:
Digging• Front end loader used on campus but for
residential garden a garden tiller .
• District conservationist (NRCS) showed
the class how to measure slope with alevel and rod. Home owner use a stringand line level.
• Made sure the inlet is higher than outlet.
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Digging a Rain Garden
• Mark garden perimeter
• Hammer stakes at the defining pointsaround the perimeter, run a string level
between stakes across the garden.• Dig so that the bed is level at the desireddepth.
• Use the removed soil to build a berm onthe downhill edge of the garden.
B ildi R i G d T
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Building Rain Garden Two:
Planting• The Fall 2006 class planted natives that
Larry Sizemore recommended.
• There arrangement was naturalistic fashion
- odd number groups.
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Planting a Rain Garden
• Plants should be tolerant of moist and dry
conditions.
• Conventional landscape plants can be
used but consider native plants.• Plant density should be higher and more
naturalistic looking than conventional typeplantings.
S di M l h i R i G d
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Spreading Mulch in Rain Garden
Two
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Building Rain Garden Two:
Mulch and Rock• Landscape fabric at the entrance of the
Rain Garden.
• Covered the bottom of the Rain Garden
with double-shredded mulch• Covered the landscape fabric at the
entrance with river rock.
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The Finished Rain Garden 2
Looking South from Rain Garden 1
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Looking South from Rain Garden 1toward Rain Garden 3 before its
Excavation in Fall 2007
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Rain Garden 3 Specs
• Infiltration Rate
3 inches in 90 minutes
• Depth
7 inches
• Materials Used
river rock, landscape fabric, recycled concrete(from construction site on campus), nativeplants.
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Plants Used
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• River Oats - Chasmanthium latifolium
• Dogwood - Cornus florida
• Hibiscus – Hibiscus moscheutos
• Juncus - Juncus effusus
Construction of Rain Garden
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Construction of Rain Garden
Three During Excavation
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Construction of Rain Garden
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Construction of Rain Garden
Three after Excavation
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The only outlet for parking lot 66. The dark
soil is a result of oil and other pollutants
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Rain Garden 3 Excavation
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Notice the normal red clay
Notice oil polluted clay
Dr Anderson Points out
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Dr. Anderson Points out
Contaminated soil
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River Rock
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Spreading River Rock
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Landscape Fabric
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Although fabric
is beneficial toprevent weeds,it does notallow the rockto settle. Noticehow the fabricand rock
washed awaydue to heavyrain.
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Landscape Fabric Correction
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We correctedthe problemwith recycled
concrete androcks to holdthe fabric in
place and toslow down thewater flow.
Rain Garden 3 Completed F
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Rain Garden 3 Completed, F
2007
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In Summary
• Pollution and other environmental problemscaused by conventional drainage systems indeveloped areas can be reduced by changinglandscape practices.
• Limiting mowed lawn space, raise mowerblade increases plant canopy, reduces waterreaching the ground.
• Installing rain gardens in the landscape willallow excess water infiltrate into the soil inmany places and will reduce the occurrenceof sinkholes in a large centralized basin.
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References
• http://clean-water.uwex.edu/pubs/raingarden/
• http://raingarden.il.gov/create.htm
• Prince George County Bioretention Manual
• Rain Gardens- solving drainage problems,Tennessee Gardener, August 2005
• Land Judging Guide, UTK, PB 727
• www.cleanwaterccampaign.com/what_can_I_do/ raingarden.html