Download - Terrorism in Libya -12 February 2015
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the
Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
12 February 2015
Kalam Solutions
Abu Dhabi
August 2014
Photo 1 - An image grab from a video made available on October 9, 2014, by al-Raya Media Foundation allegedly shows a tank belonging to the Ansar al-Sharia militant group, flying the Jihadist flag, during a battle in the Libyan city of Benghazi
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Table of Contents Glossary of Actors ...................................................................................................................... 4
Organizations ......................................................................................................................... 4
Individuals ............................................................................................................................. 4
Locations ................................................................................................................................ 4
Map of Libya and Provinces....................................................................................................... 5
Map of Libyan Population Density ............................................................................................ 6
Definition of Categorized Events ............................................................................................... 7
Violence in Libya ........................................................................................................................ 8
Libyan Body Count .................................................................................................................... 9
Islamic State Events over Time ................................................................................................. 9
ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya .............................................. 10
Background .......................................................................................................................... 10
Situation ............................................................................................................................... 10
Expansion .............................................................................................................................. 11
Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 12
Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 12
Terrorist Events in Libya ......................................................................................................... 14
Week of 8 February 2015 ..................................................................................................... 14
Week of 1 February 2015 ...................................................................................................... 14
Week of 25 January 2015 ..................................................................................................... 16
Week of 18 January 2015 ..................................................................................................... 18
Week of 11 January 2015 ...................................................................................................... 19
Week of 4 January 2015 .......................................................................................................20
Week of 28 December 2014 ................................................................................................. 21
Week of 21 December 2014 .................................................................................................. 22
Week of 14 December 2014 .................................................................................................. 23
Week of 7 December 2014 .................................................................................................... 24
Week of 30 November 2014 ................................................................................................. 24
Week of 23 November 2014 ................................................................................................. 24
Week of 16 November 2014.................................................................................................. 25
Week of 9 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 26
Week of 2 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 28
Week of 19 October 2014 ..................................................................................................... 28
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Week of 5 October 2014 ....................................................................................................... 29
Week of 7 September 2014 ................................................................................................... 29
Week of 17 August 2014 ....................................................................................................... 29
Week of 20 July 2014 ...........................................................................................................30
Week of 15 June 2014 ...........................................................................................................30
Week of 16 March 2014 ........................................................................................................30
Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites ................................................................................ 31
Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities ................................................................................... 32
Endnotes .................................................................................................................................. 41
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Glossary of Actors
Organizations Libya Dignity – The military operation led by General Khalifa Haftar commanding the
Libyan Army to rid Benghazi of Islamist militias, he is allied to the internationally recognized
House of Representatives in Tobruk.
Libya Dawn – A coalition of militas based in Tripoli and Misrata, currently under the
command of the now defunct General National Congress.
Libya Sunrise – A faction of Libya Dawn, they are the armed unites operating in western
Libya, stationed in Bin Jawad. Currently, Operation Sunrise is attempting to seize the As Sidr
and Ras Lanuf oil terminals from the Libyan National Army.
Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi (AAS) aka Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries –
Islamic Militia
Islamic State in Cyrenaica (Barqa) - (MSSI) Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam – Islamic
Militia in Derna, associated with ISIL, largest ISIL affiliate
Islamic State in Tripolitania – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL
Islamic State in Fezzan – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL
Individuals Khalifa Haftar – Head of Operation Libya Dignity, allied to HoR, currently leading the
Libyan Army against Islamist militias in Benghazi
Wissam bin Humaid – Commander of Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (AAS)
Mohammed al-Zahawi – Former Commander of Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi, killed in
January 2015
Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey – Yemeni Emir of Islamic State in Derna
Locations Tripolitania (aka Tarabulus) – NW province, capital is Tripoli
Cyrenaica (aka Barqa) – Eastern Province, capital is Benghazi
Fezzan – Southern Province, capital Sebha
Derna – Eastern port city, IS headquarters and training center
Sirte – Central port city, IS in Tripolitania headquarters (Ouagadougou Conference Center)
Bayda – Eastern city, Home to Al-Thinni’s cabinet and Constitutional Drafting Assembly
Bin Jawad – Central city, frontline for the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminal battles
Sabratha – City west of Tripoli, stronghold for IS in Tripolitania
Sebha – Southwestern city, capital of Fezzan, likely the headquarters for IS in Fezzan
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Map of Libya and Provinces
MAP 1 - MAJOR CITIES AND PROVINCES OF LIBYA
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Map of Libyan Population Density
MAP 2 - LIBYAN POPULATION DENSITY MAP
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Definition of Categorized Events
Armed Clashes – Battles or skirmishes between two armed organizations using but not
limited to light, medium, and heavy weaponry.
Beheading – The act of execution by decapitation.
Human Rights Violations – Acts committed by a group or individual that deliberately
disregard moral principles or norms outlined in international laws such as the United
Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Kidnapping – The forceful abduction and detention of an individual or group.
Murder – The act of intentionally killing another human, this includes targeted killings and
assassinations.
Propaganda/Recruitment – The production of media to deliberately spread the
principles or doctrines of an organization in the attempt to further that organization’s
agenda.
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Violence in Libya
MAP 4 - VIOLENT DEATHS BY LOCATION
MAP 3 - IS EVENTS BY LOCATION
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Libyan Body Count
Islamic State Events over Time
050
100
150200250
300350
400
450500
Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma
y
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2014 2015
Murder 20 1 14 7 12 14 77 98 81 79 33 11 29 3
Kidnapping 1 1 1
Human Rights Violation 1 7 36 10 73 30 87 13 4 1
Car Bomb 10 1 1 1 7 3
Beheading 1 1 6 2
Armed Clashes 99 4 91 45 355 381 322 357 214 220 99 85
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
Number of Violent Deaths by Month
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jul Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2014 2015
Propaganda 4 8 2 12 5
Murder 3
Kidnapping 1 1 1 1
Human Rights Violation 1 2 4
Car Bomb 4 3 1 1
Beheading 1 1 1
Armed Clashes 1 1 9 3
Nu
mb
er
of
Eve
nts
Islamic State in Libya Events over Time
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya
Background
The launch of Operation Dawn in July 2014, by militias based in Tripoli and Mistrata,
provided the catalyst to sufficiently destabilize Libya’s already fragile political and security
situation. During this time, elements of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, long present
in eastern Libya, seized this opportunity to advance their own agenda. Over the past six
months, IS in Libya has grown from a small group of jihadists in Derna, allegedly sent by
ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in mid-September 2014, to an increasingly dangerous
force, with bases of operation within all three of historical provinces in Libya.
Situation
The attack on the Corinthia Hotel in
Tripoli on 27 January shows that the
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
has considerable influence outside
areas originally declared in their
“caliphate.” The coordinated attack
involved at least one car bomb and
two heavily armed gunmen. The two
gunmen, one Tunisian and the other
Sudanese, were able claim nine
victims in the attack. A statement
claiming responsibility for the attack
was quickly released by the media
division of Wilayat al-Tarabulus, the ISIS name for one of the three provinces of Libya.
Following the 2011 revolution, portions of the eastern city of Darnah, a city known for its
sympathies for fundamentalist religious groups, had been under the control of Majlis Shura
Shabab al-Islam (MSSI). Members of MSSI appear to have been the conduit for ISIS
representatives to enter eastern Libya. Reports on social media website began showing
members of MSSI implementing hisbah (accountability patrols) throughout the city, in a
manner mirroring patrols by ISIS members in Mosul and Raqqa. These patrols were first
tendrils of ISIS’s presence in Libya. By mid-September 2014 photos posted to social media
PHOTO 2 - PHOTOS OF THE CORINTHIA HOTEL
RELEASED BY AN ISIS MEDIA DIVISION
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
sites showed several large ISIS parades throughout Darnah. On 3 October 2014, members of
MSSI held a large rally in the center of Darnah declaring baya (alligence) to ISIS and its
leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It was later noted by Atlantic Council research fellow
Mohamed Eljarh that a Yemeni named Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey was declared emir of the
newly created Wilayat Darnah. This declaration has become the first substantial foothold for
ISIS outside of Iraq and Syria. ISIS representatives have used Darnah as a springboard to
spread its influence throughout the other provinces of Libya.
Expansion
The continued political and military chaos in Libya following the ouster of Muammar
Ghaddafi in 2011 has provided an ideal situation for extremist organizations such as ISIS to
expand throughout Libya. In the months following MSSI’s declaration of allegiance to ISIS in
October, attacks attributed to other ISIS related groups have occurred across all regions of
Libya.
During the week of 9 November
2014, three car bombings and four
beheadings were carried out by
groups affiliated with ISIS in the
eastern province of Barqa.
In December 2014, IS affiliates of the
Tarabalus province took credit for
car bombings outside of the
Diplomatic Security Headquarters in
Tripoli, later detonating a car bomb
outside of the Embassy of Algeria. Later
that month, ISIS in Sirte kidnapped a
group of Egyptian Coptic Christians.
On 3 January, members of ISIS in Fezzan, Libya’s southern promise, attacked a Libyan Army
checkpoint in Sokhna, killing 14 soldiers and two cooks while they were sleeping.
The diversity of recent IS attacks throughout southern and western Libya suggests that IS is
able to circumvent the meager security apparatus present in Libya.
PHOTO 3 - A MAP SHOWING THE THREE
PROVINCES TO BE GOVERNED BY ISIS IN
EASTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHERN LIBYA.
THE IMAGE WAS TAKEN FROM A POST
ENCOURAGING ISIS SUPPORTERS TO IMMIGRATE
TO LIBYA.
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Strategy
Aaron Zelin, Richard Barrow Fellow for the Washington Institute for Near East Policy,
recently stated that ISIS in Libya seems to be attempting to follow the same tactics it so
effectively employed in Iraq and Syria last June. Unlike its predecessor al-Qaeda, ISIS has
effectively used media sharing websites such as JustPasteIt, Manbar, and Twitter to
continually update its supporters and potential recruits that it is active in the areas under its
control. These press releases not only show the results of attacks by ISIS affiliates
throughout Libya, but also show the same organizations distributing dawa (charity) to
children and the poor. Like in Iraq and Syria, the considerably well produced media
publications have been used a powerful tool to build both community support for the groupd
and attract new recruits.
In regards to recruitment, ISIS
has recently launched a large
campaign to funnel fighters
from other extremist groups
within Libya. Again, this
follows a similar tactic
employed by ISIS in Syria,
attracting fighters from similar
organizations such as Jahbat al-
Nusra and recruiting them to fight
for the Islamic State. The Islamic
State in Libya’s largest target has been Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi. ISIS has released a series
of statements urging the seasoned fighters of Ansar al-Sharia to join ISIS’s ranks. This
campaign seems to have started following the announcement of the death of Ansar al-
Sharia’s leader, Mohammed al-Zahawi.
Conclusions
As noted in the 5th edition of ISIS’s online magazine Dabiq, its largest foreign base of support
is Libya. The drastic increase in bombings, kidnappings, and beheadings throughout Libya
by organizations allied to ISIS seems to have proven these claims true. ISIS in Libya has been
able to take advantage of the nation’s post-revolutionary political turmoil to establish a base
PHOTO 4 - A PHOTO FROM AN ISIS PUBLICATION
URGING ANSAR AL-SHARIA MEMBERS TO PLEDGE
BAYA TO ABU BAKR AL-BAGHDADI. THE MEN ARE
SHOWN WEARING THE LOGO OF ANSAR AL-SHARIA
IN BENGHAZI.
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
of support, though to a lesser degree, using the same tactics as in Iraq and Syria. Like in Iraq
and Syria, ISIS in Libya has been able to recruit foreign fighters to join its ranks, as seen at
the Corinthia Hotel. Given heavy military setbacks in Kobane and Mosul, coupled with ISIS’s
heavy campaigning for immigration to Libya, without careful strategic international and
domestic cooperation, Libya could easily play host as the next bastion for Islamic extremism.
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Terrorist Events in Libya
Week of 8 February 2015
Unspecified – On 12 February 2015, ISIS released the newest edition of its Dabiq
magazine. The following is a passage taken from the magazine in which the recently
kidnapped Egyptians in Libya are referenced:
“This month, the soldiers of the Khilāfah in Wilāyat Tarābulus captured 21 Coptic crusaders,
almost five years after the blessed operation against the Baghdad church executed in revenge
for Kamilia Shehata, Wafa Constantine, and other sisters who were tortured and murdered
by the Coptic Church of Egypt. The operation was planned by Hudhayfah al-Battāwī
(rahimahullāh), wālī of Wilāyat Baghdad at the time, alongside the senior military
commander, Abū Ibrāhīm azZaydī (rahimahullāh), both of whom played a crucial role –
through their passion and zealousness – in preserving the morale of the Islamic State
mujāhidīn after the martyrdom of Abū ‘Umar al-Baghdādī and Abū Hamzah al-Muhājir
(rahimahumallāh).”i
Unspecified – On 10 February 2015, the Islamic State released a statement calling for
Operation Libya Dawn fighters to repent to God.ii
An Nawfaliyah – On 9 February 2015, the Islamic State was photographed arriving in An
Nawfaliyah, a city located southwest of Bin Jawad.iii Initials reports suggest that there were
clashes between Libya Dawn forces and ISIS forces.iv
Week of 1 February 2015
Benghazi – On 7 February 2015, a Palestinian man was reported to have died fighting for
the Islamic State in Libya.v
According to SkyNews Arabia, the man entered Libya via a tunnel somewhere along the
Egyptian border.vi
Benghazi – On 6 February 2015, two people were killed and 20 were injured after a car
bomb exploded in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi.vii viii
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Mabruk Oilfield – On 4 February 2015, reports emerged stating that “extremists” attacked
the Mabruk Oilfield, approximately 170km south of Sirte.ix The Mabruk Oilfield is operated
by Total Oil and produces roughly 70,000 bbl/d.x
Initial reports suggested that three foreigners were kidnapped, one of whom was French.
France denied that any French citizens were kidnapped, while the Philippines confirmed that
three of their oversea foreign workers went missing.xi Twelve people will killed overall.
Ain Marah - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos
showings its recent troop activity in Ain Marah.
The photos were released just days after clashes occurred between Islamic State forces and
Libyan National Army Forces.xii
Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos
showing their recent promotional activities somewhere in their self-declared state.
Many of the photos in this release show attendants enjoying themselves at IS-led events.xiii
Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, a Twitter account associated with the Islamic State in
Libya tweeted:
[W]e the #Mujahideen of #IslamicState in #Libya ask #Muslims in #Tunisia,
#Algeria #Morroco what are u waiting for Join #Ummah #Muhammad!xiv
Tripoli – On 3 February 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania
released photos claiming an attack on a checkpoint in Tripoli’s Souq al-Jumaa.xv
According to the Libya Herald, the bomb detonated near a building used by the Tripoli
Revolutionaries’ Brigade.xvi Although unconfirmed, the Herald and Al Wasat suggest that
the attack was revenge for the Brigade’s involvement during the attack on the Corinthia
Hotel.xvii
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PHOTO 5 - PHOTOS OF AN IS VBIED ATTACK ON THE TRIPOLI SECURITY
DIRECTORATE
Sirte – According to reports from social media, the Islamic State in Tripolitania turned
Qadhafi's Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte into a “command center.”xviii
Week of 25 January 2015
Benghazi - On 29 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated
photos of its recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.xix
Benghazi - On 28 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated
photos of its recent activity throughout Benghazi.
This set of photos does not show any fighters, but instead displays the effects of the fighting
in the city. Many of the photographed buildings are riddled with bullet holes and are overall
dilapidated.xx
Sirte - On 28 January 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania
released photos showing new members in Sirte swearing allegiance to the Islamic State.
According to the Islamic State, the men shown in the photographs are recent Christian
converts.xxi
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PHOTO 6 - CONVERTS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE
Tripoli – On 27 January at approximately 0953 (UDT +2) a VBIED detonated outside of
Tripoli’s Corinthia Hotel. No casualties were reported as a result of the explosion.
Immediately following the blast five gunmen entered the hotel and engaged in a shootout
with local security, leaving at least three guards dead. Witnesses claim that three other hotel
staff members were injured. The Associated Press reported that the gunmen had taken three
to five hostages on the hotel’s twentieth floor.xxii
According to the BBC’s Rana Jawad, security officials of the Corinthia Hotel have been aware
of possible threats for several days.xxiii A tweet posted by an account linked to the Islamic
State in Tripolitania claims that the attack was revenge for the death of Abu Anas al-Libi.xxiv
The user claims that the attack was directed at the Corinthia Hotel because of its popularity
among foreigners. However, hotel staff have stated that the hotel was “approximately 90%
empty.” A security guard told the Associated Press that Omar al-Hassi usually stays at the
hotel with security guards, but that they were not present at the time of the bombing and
subsequent attack.
Twitter users began posting images that allegedly show some of the gunmen who
participated in the attack on the hotel.xxv
The attack on the Corinthia Hotel left at least nine dead.
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Benghazi - On 26 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos of
its recent troop activity in the Buhidima Neighborhood of Benghazi.
IS troops can be seen climbing houses, viewing videos, and firing upon their opponents.xxvi
Week of 18 January 2015
Benghazi - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released photos of the distribution of aid in
what they allege to be Benghazi.xxvii
PHOTO 7 - IS PASSES OUT SWEETS TO CHILDREN
Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released an open letter to
Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Mamoon.xxviii
Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released a statement showing their
most recent Hisba activities in eastern Libya.xxix
Benghazi – On 18 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing
their most recent military activity in Benghazi.xxx
Unspecified - On 18 January 2015, The Islamic State in Libya released a statement dividing
Libya into three distinct regions. The statement also calls for foreign members of the Islamic
State to travel to Libya.xxxi
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PHOTO 8 - IS DIVISION OF LIBYA – TARABULUS, FEZZAN, AND BARQA
Week of 11 January 2015
Tripoli – On 17 January a VBIED exploded Saturday in front of the Embassy of Algeria in
Tripoli, injuring two security personnel.
According to a Libyan security source, the two injured workers, whose condition is not
alarming, were quickly transported to the hospital of the capital.xxxii
Sabratha - On 17 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing
members distributing clothing and financial aid.xxxiii
Sirte - On 12 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the
kidnapping of 21 Christians.xxxiv According to The Telegraph:
“On January 3rd, Christian activists in Egypt had reported thirteen of their countrymen
kidnapped in the Libyan town of Sirte, and that seven others had been kidnapped a week
earlier.”xxxv
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PHOTO 9 - PHOTOS OF THE KIDNAPPED EGYPTIANS
Sabratha - On 11 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos allegedly
showing their Hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The photos were most likely
taken in Sabratha.xxxvi
Week of 4 January 2015
On 8 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos allegedly showing the
execution of two Tunisian journalists.xxxvii
PHOTO 10 - TUNISIANS ALLEGEDLY EXECUTED BY IS IN LIBYA
Benghazi – On 7 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recent
troop activity throughout Benghazi.xxxviii
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Unspecified – On 4 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing
the execution of a man they labeled as an apostate.xxxix
PHOTO 11 - "APOSTATE" EXECUTED BY THE IS
Week of 28 December 2014
Benghazi – On 3 January the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of their recent
destruction to civilian homes throughout Benghazi.
This set of photos contains a photograph showing a civilian who died as a result of the
bulldozing.xl
Sokhna – On 3 January the Islamic State in Fezzan claimed responsibilityxli for an attack on
a Sokhna checkpoint in southern Libya.xlii
According to the Libya Herald, nineteen people were killed in the attack.xliii
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PHOTO 12 - IS IN FEZZAN ATTACKS SOKHNA
Tobruk – On 30 December at approximately 1315 (UDT +2) an explosion occurred outside
the headquarters of the House of Representatives.xliv The House of Representatives currently
meets in the Dar Al Salam hotel. According to the spokesman for the General Chief of Staff,
Ahmed Al-Mismari, the vehicle exploded in the hotel car park and was not a suicide attack as
initially suggested.xlv The most current reports state that a total of 19 people were injured as a
result of the explosion.xlvi
Week of 21 December 2014
Tripoli – According to multiple sources a VBIED detonated outside of the Diplomatic
Security Headquarters in Tripoli in the morning of 27 December. xlviiThe Diplomatic Security
Headquarters is located in the Sidi al-Masry district of Tripoli.xlviii
The jihadist Islamic State (IS) organisation said it carried out the bombing, according to the
US-based monitoring group SITE Intelligence.
"The provincial division of the Islamic State (IS) for Tripoli, Libya, claimed a car bombing at
the diplomatic security building in the capital, and provided a photo of the blast," SITE
said.xlix
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Ajdabiya – On 26 December 2014, a perfume company was damaged by a VBIED early
Friday morning in Ajdabiya. There were no reported casualties.l
Benghazi – On 25 December 2015, an Al Wasat article reported that IS in Cyrenaica
published a video in which an "apostate" is burned alive. The video supposedly takes place in
the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi. The group claiming responsibility is led by
Mohammed Nus Idrissi. Idrissi was recently released by Jordanian authorities in exchange
for captured Jordanian diplomats.li
PHOTO 13 - A LIBYAN ARMY MEMBER BURNED BY ISIS
Week of 14 December 2014
Tripoli - At approximately 1200 (UDT +2) on 16 December 2014 social media users began
circulating a photo alleging to show a car bomb that exploded near the Security Directorate
Headquarters in Tripoli. According to accounts from social media no casualties were
reported.lii On 17 December 2014, the original source claimed that ISIS claimed
responsibility for the car bomb via a Twitter page.liii
Ajdabiya - On 15 December 2014, a military police building near the eastern gate entrance
to Ajdabiya was targeted and subsequently damaged by an explosive device. Witnesses said
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
that an explosive device was placed under one of the building’s windows and caused damage
to the building while injuring no one.liv
Week of 7 December 2014
Benghazi – On 8 December 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posed photos allegedly
showing their military progress throughout Benghazi.lv
Week of 30 November 2014
Ajdabiya - At approximately 1125 (UDT +2) on 1 December 2014, a car bomb exploded
outside the Ajdabiya Security Directorate.lvi The security directorate is located near the
Ajdabiya city center on al-Modoryia Road.lvii Initial reports suggest that three to seven people
were wounded.lviii Eyewitnesses reported that the vehicle that exploded was a white
Hyundai.lix
Week of 23 November 2014
The Islamic State (IS) released the fifth issue of its English magazine “Dabiq,” focusing on
the coordinated pledges from jihadi groups in Algeria, Libya, Sinai, Saudi Arabia, and
Yemen, and featuring a message attributed to British captive John Cantlie discussing the
recent attacks in Australia, Canada, and the U.S., as well as musing what he would do as
American President.
In the newest edition, ISIS claims Libya has its strongest presence outside of Iraq and Syria.
It continues to state that “an abundance of arms and the condition of mayhem after Gaddafi
was ideal for jihad.”lx
Derna – On 23 November 2014, The Islamic Army, a militia in Derna, has released photos
of its recent publicity campaign in Derna. Photos show groups of children meeting with
Islamic Army members. In addition, Islamic Army members passed out pamphlets to young
men in Derna’s vegetable market. The photos are similar to those released by ISIS members
conducting “charity” campaigns in Iraq and Syria.
The Islamic Army is one of the strongest militias present in Derna. Last week they were
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
among many foreign groups from across the Middle East to pledge allegiance to ISIS and
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The ISIS magazine Dabiq claims its strongest foreign following is in
Derna.lxi
Week of 16 November 2014
Yemen – On 22 November 2014, a statement was released by spokesmen for Al-Qaida in
the Arabian Peninsula has acknowledged Libyan extremists in Derna pledge to ISIS and its
leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.
The statement also called for all Libyan “Mujahideen” such as Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi to
pledge their support for ISIS and Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.lxii
Benghazi – On 16 November 2014, the Islamic State in Libya has released photos of nine
suicide bombers who died in Benghazi. According to the photos, five were Tunisian, two were
Egyptian, and two were Libyans.lxiii
The Islamic State in Cyrenaica also released a statement taking credit for the series of VBIED
attacks on 12 November 2014lxiv, men pledging allegiance to the ISlxv, and photos of a convoy
in Derna.lxvi
PHOTO 14 - IS CONVOY NEAR DERNA
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Tripoli - A group in Tripoli claimed responsibility for the bombings of the UAE and
Egyptian embassies.lxvii The group also posted photos declaring their allegiance to the Islamic
State.lxviii lxix
Week of 9 November 2014
Tripoli - At approximately 06:45 (UDT +2) on 13 November 2014, two car bombs exploded
near the Egyptian and UAE embassies in the Al-Seyaheyya and Zawiyat Al-Dahmani
neighborhoods of Tripoli.lxx No casualties have been reported, though photoslxxi show
significant damage to vehicles and buildings near the embassies. Both embassies have been
vacant since the inception of Operation Libya Dawn.lxxii
Marj - On 13 November 2014, two Libyan National Army (LNA) soldiers and one other were
slightly injured as a result of a bomb attack on a checkpoint in Marj.lxxiii
Mohamed Hejazi, a spokesman for Operation Dignity, told the Libya Herald that a gelatina
bomb had been thrown at the checkpoint at the Saha Al-Karima roundabout, close to the
town’s main Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq mosque.lxxiv The car from which the bomb was thrown then
drove away at speed.lxxv
Ajdabiya – On 12 November 2014, a car bomb was discovered in Ajdabiya and subsequently
dismantled by the Libyan National Army.lxxvi
Al Bayda - At approximately 11:57 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a vehicle carrying
explosives detonated at the military checkpoint outside Labraq International Airport.lxxvii
Eyewitnesses report that after stopping to be searched by security officials, the driver of the
vehicle detonated explosives. Current reports state that four members of the military have
been confirmed killed.lxxviii
27
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Benghazi - At approximately 12:07 (UDT
+2) on 12 November 2014, Twitter user
@loayomran reported the detonation of a car
bomb outside of the Al Shalal cafe, located in
the Al Majuri neighborhood in central
Benghazi. Eye witnesses report that a vehicle
loaded with explosives was parked on the
street outside the café. Reports indicate that
there were no casualties as a result of the
bombing, however the café and surrounding shops were destroyed. No indication if the café
was the intended target, neighborhoods in central Benghazi have been mostly abandoned
due to continued fighting.lxxix
At approximately 17:01 (UDT +2) another car bomb was discovered in the Ras Obeida
neighborhood of Benghazi.lxxx
Tobruk - At approximately 11:00 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a large car bomb
exploded at a crowded intersection, near the Intelligence Headquarters, in Tobruk. Eye
witnesses report the driver of the vehicle refused to stop at a military checkpoint, continuing
on to a crowded intersection.lxxxi
At approximately, 11:40 (UDT +2) vehicles damaged by the initial blast exploded at the site
of the car bombing. Initial reports suggested a second vehicle was involved in the attack,
however later reports proved that there was not a second vehicle involved.lxxxii
Final reports confirm two people have been killed and at least an additional 20 had been
taken for medical treatment.lxxxiii
Derna – On 11 November 2014, three young activists were found beheaded in Derna,
eastern Libya. The three, who had relayed information about the city through social media,
had been kidnapped earlier in the month. The activists have been named as Siraj Ghatish,
Mohamed Battu and Mohamed al-Mesmari.lxxxiv
Two of the three activists in Derna had been kidnapped three months earlier.lxxxv
PHOTO 15 - VBIED IN BENGHAZI
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Benghazi – On 11 November 2014 a Libyan Army soldier stationed at Benina Airport was
captured, forced to appear on videolxxxvi, and then beheaded.lxxxvii According to Al Wasat, the
group responsible calls itself the “Father of Injustice Battalion”.lxxxviii
PHOTO 16 - SOLDIER BEHEADED IN BENGHAZI
Shahat – On November 9, unidentified persons set off three car bombs in the city of Shahat
in eastern Libya near the building, where the Libyan Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thinni had
talks with special UN envoy to Libya Bernardino Leon. lxxxixEye witnesses claimed the
perpetrators parked vehicle packed with explosives and detonated them remotely. Though
there was significant material damage, no deaths or injuries were reported. The intended
target was the Security Directorate Building.xc
Days later two suspects from Derna were arrested in connection to the car bombings.xci
Week of 2 November 2014
Sirte – The Islamic State in Tripolitania releases photos of lectures given by Turki al-
Bin’ali.xcii
The original release also contains links to Turki al-Bin’ali’s lectures on YouTube.xciii
Week of 19 October 2014
Derna - After pledging allegiance to ISIS, Darnah's Islamic Youth Shura Council (MSSI)xciv
launches an 'Islamic Court'.xcv The group announced that its leader is a Yemeni named Abu
29
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Taleb al-Jazrawey.xcvi According to Al Wasat, Al-Jazrawey moved to Derna in mid-
September with a number of senior ISIS members.xcvii
PHOTO 17 - MSSI LAUNCHES ISLAMIC COURT IN DERNA
Week of 5 October 2014
Benghazi – On 10 October 2014, a car bomb exploded near the Tibesti Hotel, killing one
and injuring two others.xcviii
Week of 7 September 2014
Benghazi – On 12 September 2014, Tareq Ramadan Misrati was killed by an IED in the Al
Majori Neighborhood of Benghazi. Tareq Misrati was the brother of former intelligence
officer Colonel Juma Misrati who was assassinated in June 2013.xcix
Week of 17 August 2014
Derna – Released on 20 August 2014, a video shows an execution-style killing by an armed
group at a football stadium in eastern Libya. cAn amateur video published on social media
sites shows the purported execution of an Egyptian man apparently organized by an armed
group called the Shura Council of Islamic Youth in the eastern city of Derna.ci
30
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 18 - PUBLIC EXECUTION IN DERNA
Week of 20 July 2014
Benghazi – On 21 July a militia in Benghazi, Libya, has beheaded a Filipino construction
worker, allegedly for being a non-Muslim, the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs said
Monday.
The beheading marks the first Filipino death in Libya since the 2011 revolution, according to
the department. It is also the first reported beheading in the country since 2011. The
construction worker was kidnapped July 15 at a checkpoint in the Gwarsha district of
Benghazi.
A department spokesperson told media Monday that the kidnappers demanded a ransom of
$160,000. cii
Week of 15 June 2014
Benghazi – On 19 June 2014, a bodyguard for former National Transitional chairman
Mustafa Abdul-Jalil was killed by an IED.ciii
Week of 16 March 2014
Benghazi – On 17 March 2014, a car bomb targeting a military academy in Benghazi killed
eight soldiers and wounded another 12.civ
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites
MAP 5- - LOCATIONS OF MAJOR IS ACTIVITIES FROM WEST TO EAST: SABRATHA, TRIPOLI, SUKNAH,
SIRTE, AN NAWFALIYAH, BENGHAZI, DERNA.
32
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities
PHOTO 19 - THE BEHEADING OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BY IS
PHOTO 20 - THE CORPSE OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BURNED BY IS
33
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 21 - PHOTOS RELEASED BY IS AFTER A VBIED EXPLOSION
OUTSIDE THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE
PHOTO 22 - THE DESTRUCTION OF TOMBS BY IS
34
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 23 - THE DESTRUCTION OF A STATUE IN DERNA BY IS
PHOTO 24 - COMMANDERS OF IS AFFILIATES IN BENGHAZI. FROM RIGHT
TO LEFT - MOHAMMED AL-ZAHAWI (ANSAR AL-SHARIA), WISSAM BIN
HUMAID (LIBYA SHIELD ONE), AND JALAL MAKHZOUM (RAFALLAH AL-SAHATI BRIGADE)
35
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 25 - IS AFFILIATES FIGHTING THE LIBYAN NATIONAL ARMY IN
AIN MARAH
PHOTO 26 - IS FIGHTERS IN BENGHAZI
36
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 27 - IS FIGHTERS IN AIN MARAH
PHOTO 28 - AN IS FIGHTER PLANTING A FLAG OVER IS CONTROLLED
TERRITORY IN BENGHAZI
37
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 29 - A BANNER IN BENGHAZI DECLARING IS'S OBJECTIVE TO
ESTABLISH SHARIA LAW ACROSS LIBYA
PHOTO 30 - A CONVOY OF NEW IS HISBA (MORALITY POLICE) VEHICLES
IN BENGHAZI
38
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 31 - A CONVOY OF IS FIGHTERS AND VEHICLES IN DERNA
PHOTO 32 - A RALLY AMONG FIGHTERS AND RESIDENTS IN DERNA
39
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 33 - AN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN CONVERTING TO ISLAM AND
PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE
PHOTO 34 - A RALLY OF YOUNG MEN PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN
SIRTE
40
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 35 - AN IS FIGHTER GIVING DAWA (CHARITY) TO A CHILD IN
DERNA
PHOTO 36 - A CHILD IN DERNA SHOWING SUPPORT FOR IS
41
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Endnotes
i "Dabiq 7." February 12, 2015. Accessed February 12, 2015. http://ia601506.us.archive.org/27/items/Dabiq7/Dabiq_7.pdf. ii Nasher.me,. 2015. 'فجر ليبيا .. قتال في سبيل الديمقراطية | ناشر'. Accessed February 12 2015. http://nasher.me/fajrlibya/. iii Twitter,. 2015. 'Islamuntiltheend On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/zholimun_anti/status/564617602828222464 iv Twitter,. 2015. 'Ahmed Sanalla On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/ASanalla/status/564537410831515648 v Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/564078582558097408 vi مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا Sky News Arabia,. 2015. 'مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/article/722649/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%94%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7 vii Louisa Loveluck, Cairo. 2015. 'Benghazi Faces 'Medical Diasaster' As Libyan City Cut Off By Heavy Fighting - Telegraph'. Telegraph.Co.Uk. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11396855/Benghazi-faces-medical-diasaster-as-Libyan-city-cut-off-by-heavy-fighting.html. viii Reuters,. 2015. 'Car Bomber Kills Two, Wounds Around 20 In Libya's Benghazi: Medics'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/06/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0LA0PH20150206. ix Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/562756943664914434. x Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/562784888987070464. xi "Five Oil Workers Still Missing from Mabruk Oil Field Attack." Libya Herald. February 7, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/07/five-oil-workers-still-missing-from-mabruk-oil-field-attack/. xii اإلغارة على ثكنات المرتدين في منطقة عين مارة | ناشر Nasher.me,. 2015. 'اإلغارة على ثكنات المرتدين في منطقة عين مارة | ناشر'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/marah6/. xiii جانب من نشاطات المكتب الدعوي في والية طرابلس | ناشر Nasher.me,. 2015. 'جانب من نشاطات المكتب الدعوي في والية طرابلس | ناشر'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/daawi3/. xiv Islam4libya2. February 4, 2015. Accessed February 15, 2015. https://twitter.com/islam4libya2/status/563171801279516672. xv Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/562681055585792002/photo/1.
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
xvi "Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade Again Attacked: Report." Libya Herald. February 3, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/03/tripoli-revolutionaries-brigade-again-attacked-report/. xvii مقتل شرطي وجرح اثنين في تفجير طرابلس .Accessed February 11 2015 .'بوابة الوسط,. 2015. 'مقتل شرطي وجرح اثنين في تفجير طرابلسhttp://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/59320/. xviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/561793439940243456. xix Manbar.me,. 2015. ' 2 ضمن مالحم بنغازي .. صور من خط الرباط'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/rebat2. xx Manbar.me,. 2015. ' "صحوات بنغازي .. وآثار الدمار"'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/sahawa4. xxi Nasher.me,. 2015. 'خير لك من حمر النعم( اعتناق ثالثة من نصارى إفريقيا الدين اإلسالمي | ناشر('. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/trablos2/. xxii Times of Malta,. 2015. 'New Video, Pictures - At Least Nine Killed In Corinthia Tripoli Hotel Attack, Assailants Killed By Grenade - PM To Make Statement In Parliament '. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150127/local/new-video-pictures-at-least-nine-killed-in-corinthia-tripoli-hotel-attack-assailants-killed-by-grenade-pm-to-make-statement-in-parliament.553624. xxiii Twitter,. 2015. 'Rana Jawad On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Rana_J01/status/560027880546377729. xxiv "Fulaan_akh." Twitter. Accessed February 11, 2015. https://twitter.com/fulaan_akh/status/559982490434027521. xxv Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyan™ On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/dovenews/status/560054173946093569. xxvi Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم دولة الخالفة اإلسالمية...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/urnft. xxvii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' توزيع الهدايا والحلوى على أطفال بنغازي'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/atfalben. xxviii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'بسم هللا والصالة والسالم على رسول هللا رسالة مفتوحة إلى... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/izmy. xxix Nasher.me,. 2015. 'ضمن نشاطات رجال الحسبة إزالة أحد التماثيل وهدم إحدى األضرحة الشركية | ناشر'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/hesba4/. xxx Manbar.me,. 2015. ' تقرير مصور اشتباكات مع جند الطاغوت في عين مارة'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/ma3barqa. xxxi Manbar.me,. 2015. ' حيم) قصة هجرة حمن الر .Accessed February 11 2015 .'...بسم هللا الرhttps://manbar.me/grmmz. xxxii allAfrica.com,. 2015. 'Libya: Ramtane Lamamra Condemns Car Bomb Attack Outside Algeria's Embassy In Tripoli'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://allafrica.com/stories/201501191785.html. xxxiii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم توزيع كسوة الشتاء ومساعدات مالية... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/sadaqat_2.
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
xxxiv Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي لوالية طرابلس يقد... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/iv5h. xxxv Cairo, Louisa. 2015. 'Isil Group In Libya Claims Mass Kidnap Of Christians - Telegraph'.Telegraph.Co.Uk. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11341195/Isil-group-in-Libya-claims-mass-kidnap-of-Christians.html. xxxvi Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/Nsha9hesba. xxxvii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/2jornalest. xxxviii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/rebat1. xxxix Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي في والية برقة يقدم... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://justpaste.it/estyad. xl Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم تقرير مصور عن...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/taqnasf. xli Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/551429333483790337 xlii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/GazAoth. xliii "Massacre in Sukna: Report." Libya Herald. January 2, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/01/02/massacre-in-sukna-report/. xliv Twitter,. 2015. 'بنغازي ستنتصر On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LIBYA_BREAKNEWS/status/549890839594688512 xlv Twitter,. 2015. 'ANADOLU AGENCY (AR) On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/aa_arabic/status/549891835209199616 xlvi "Car Bomb outside House of Representatives Hotel in Tobruk." Libya Herald. December 30, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/12/30/car-bomb-outside-house-of-representatives-hotel-in-tobruk/. xlvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Egypt Speaks On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/egypt_speaks/status/548792251930124289. xlviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/548789172744765440. xlix Au.news.yahoo.com,. 2015. 'Car Bomb Hits Diplomatic Security Building In Libyan Capital'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/25864172/car-bomb-hits-diplomatic-security-building-in-libyan-capital/. l Libya-al-mostakbal.org,. 2015. '«Libya Al-Mostakbal»'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.libya-al-mostakbal.org/news/clicked/60647. li بوابة الوسط,. 2014. '»داعش« ينشر تقريرا مصورا لحرق »المرتدين« ببنغازي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/53674/. lii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/544794684670087168.
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
liii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/545340546676695040. liv العسكرية بمدخل إجدابيا الشرقي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/52065/. lv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم صولة لألسود على...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/saolaa. lvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/539350913136484352. lvii Twitter,. 2015. 'لؤي عمران On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/539354251647283201. lviii Twitter,. 2015. 'لؤي عمران On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/539356734486487040. lix بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'انفجار سيارة مفخخة أمام مديرية أمن أجدابيا'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/50045/. lx News.siteintelgroup.com,. 2014. 'IS Releases 5Th Issue Of English Magazine “Dabiq” | Jihadist News'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/is-releases-5th-issue-of-english-magazine-dabiq.html. lxi Manbar.me,. 2015. ' تقرير مصور عن ديوان الحسبة في والية برقة'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/alhsbah. lxii Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' من ليبيا الرد : على ما ذكره الشيخ حارث النظاري بالدقيق... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/libyarad. lxiii Manbar.me,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/isteshhade. lxiv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيمالحد هلل معز جند ، وناصر...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/baeanbarqa. lxv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيمبيعة العشرات من أهالي والية برقة...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/baeaat. lxvi Manbar.me,. 2015. ' بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم استعراض جيش الخالفة في والية برقة '. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/isteraad. lxvii https://www.alplatformmedia.com/vb/showthread.php?t=69352 lxviii بوابة الوسط,. 2014. '»داعش« ينشر صورا لمقاتليه في طرابلس'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/48232/. lxix Manbar.me,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/aasaad. lxx Twitter,. 2015. 'Nizar Elennabi.نـزار On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/NizarElannabi/status/532763879869521920. lxxi witter,. 2015. 'Nizar Elennabi.نـزار On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/NizarElannabi/status/532765253449547777. lxxii English.alarabiya.net,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/11/13/Car-explodes-near-Egypt-embassy-in-Libya-.html?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=twitter.
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lxxiii "Bomb Attack on Marj Checkpoint Injures Three." Libya Herald. November 14, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/11/14/bomb-attack-on-marj-checkpoint-injures-three/. lxxiv Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohanid Elghadi مهند On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/MElghadi/status/533228558165237760. lxxv بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'إصابة عنصري أمن في انفجار عبوة ناسفة في مدينة المرج'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/47428/. lxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Majed On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/alwahieshi/status/532617411485523969. lxxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532472048682299392. lxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532479247726968832. lxxix Twitter,. 2015. 'لؤي عمران On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/532474754629107712. lxxx Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyaalhurra On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/532699654291734529. lxxxi Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532457775918764032. lxxxii Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyaalhurra On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/532485635047956480. lxxxiii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532466468248907776. lxxxiv BBC News,. 2014. 'Activists Beheaded In Eastern Libya'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30011640. lxxxv Twitter,. 2015. 'Military Studies On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/ArmedResearch/status/532215243356000256/photo/1. lxxxvi Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=378181275681301&set=vb.100004682946200&type=2&theater. lxxxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mutaz Gedalla On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/mutaz20042000/status/532310833863610368. lxxxviii بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'ذبح متطوع بقاعدة بنينا الجوية'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/46923/. lxxxix Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/531447615452631041. xc Reuters,. 2015. 'Bomb Explodes In Libyan Town As U.N. Envoy Meets PM Thinni'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/09/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0IT0K920141109?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews. xci Mail Online,. (2014). 2 arrested in bombings near Libya-UN meeting. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2828396/2-arrested-bombings-near-Libya-UN-meeting.html
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
xcii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/551484415382409217. xciii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'قناة التوحيد تقدم الدورة العلمية لفضيلة الشيخ تركي البنعل... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/huch. xciv Washingtoninstitute.org,. 2015. 'The Islamic State's First Colony In Libya'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-first-colony-in-libya. xcv Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/524356201535270912. xcvi بوابة الوسط,. 2014. '»داعش« في ليبيا: يمني أميرا على درنة وسعودي يتلقى البيعة للبغدادي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/45321/. xcvii YouTube,. 2015. 'بيعة البغدادي في ملتقى مد االيادي - درنة ليبيا'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nttnpy1UcrE. xcviii بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'قتيل وجريحين جراء انفجار سيارة في بنغازي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/41051/. xcix بوابة الوسط,. 2014. 'اغتيال شقيق العقيد جمعة المصراتي في بنغازي'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/36397/. c Amnesty.org,. 2015. '‘Public Execution’ In Football Stadium Shows Libya’S Descent Into Lawlessness | Amnesty International'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/public-execution-football-stadium-shows-libya-s-descent-lawlessness-2014-08-21. ci YouTube,. 2015. 'Libyan Islamists Hold Public Execution At Soccer Field'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlpA182B7cU. cii Banco, Erin. 2015. 'In Libya's First Known Beheading, Militia Kills Filipino Construction Worker '. International Business Times. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.ibtimes.com/libyas-first-known-beheading-militia-kills-filipino-construction-worker-1634354. ciii "Abdel Jalil Bodyguard Dies after Bomb Attack." Tripoli. June 19, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/06/19/abdel-jalil-bodyguard-dies-following-bomb-attack/. civ Aljazeera.com,. 2014. 'Deadly Bomb Blast Hits Libya Army Camp'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/03/libya-army-camp-blast-2014317111142983333.html.