Download - THALAMUS
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DR NILESH KATE
MBBS,MDASSOCIATE PROF
ESIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GULBARGA. DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY
THALAMUS.
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OBJECTIVES Physiological
Anatomy. Functions of thalamus. Applied aspects.
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Physiological Anatomy. Thalamus proper. Diencephalon.----
dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, epithalamus & hypothalamus.
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External features. Large ovoid structure. Lateral to 3rd ventricle.
Ends Anterior Posterior.
Surfaces Superior Inferior. Medial Lateral.
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Internal structure.White matter
Stratum zonules. – Thin layer covering superior surface of thalamus.
External medullary lamina. -- Thin layer covering lateral surface of thalamus
Internal medullary lamina. – “Y’ shaped sheet of white matter
--- consists of internuclear thalamic connections.
Grey matter.
3 masses of nuclei Anterior Lateral. Medial.
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Classification of Thalamic nuclei. Anatomical
classification. Anterior. Lateral.
Ventral Dorsal
Medial.
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Functional classification. Non- specific
From RAS to Neocortex. 2 types
Midline nuclei. Centromedian nucleus.
Specific From specific sensation
to Neocortex or limbic system
Types. Specific sensory Motor Visceral efferent. Integrative & perceptual
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Connections of Thalamus.Non –specific projection nuclei.
Causes diffuse thalamic projection to entire Neocortex.
Produces electrical activity of cortex. Afferents – from RAS, & Basal Ganglia Efferents –stratum & entire Neocortex.
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Connections of Thalamus. Specific.
Sensory Motor Visceral Integrative.
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Sensory Medial geniculate
body. Destruction of small
part --- deafness for particular band of sound frequency.
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Sensory Lateral geniculate
body. Orderly organized
representation of retina.
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Sensory Ventral posterior
nucleus. VPL -- from N. gracilis,
cuneatus, Spinothalamic tract
i.e. somatosensory impulses from trunk & limbs except face.
VPM – trigeminal laminiscus & taste.
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Motor. Ventral lateral
nucleus. From cerebellum Dentothalamic fibres
from opp side. Proprioceptive
information & voluntary motor functions.
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Motor. Ventral anterior
nucleus. Programming of
movements.
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Visceral. Anterior nucleus. From hippocampus
through mammilary body.
Concerned with recent memory & emotions.
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Visceral. Concerned with
thinking, memory, judgment & emotional behaviour.
Dorsal medial nucleus.
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Integrative & perceptual function control.
Pulvinar nucleus. Integration of visual,
auditory & other sensation.
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Integrative & perceptual function control.
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Lateral posterior nucleus.
Lateral dorsal nucleus.
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Functions of thalamus. Sensory relay centre. Crude centre for perception
of sensation. Arousal & alertness
reaction. Language. Emotional aspect of
behaviour. Sexual sensation. EEG Synchronization. Reflex activity centre
Integration of Sensory impulses. Motor functions. Visceral & somatic
function.
SCALE –SERINTEGRATION --3
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Sensory relay centre. All except olfactory. Head ganglion of all
sensory system. Thalamic radiations.
—projection fibres.
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Crude centre for perception of sensation.
2 Qualities of sensation Discriminative nature. Type, location --- by
cerebral cortex. Affective nature.
Pleasant, unpleasant, agreeable, disagreeable– by thalamus.
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Arousal & alertness reaction. Control level of
consciousness. Maintain state of
alertness & wakefullness.
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Language.
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Emotional aspect of behaviour. Acts as a part of limbic
system & papez circuits.
Concerned with recent memory & emotions.
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Sexual sensation. Centre for perception
of sexual sensation.
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EEG Synchronization. Genesis of
synchronization of EEG.
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Reflex activity centre As relay of sensory
fibres in Thalamus.
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Integration of Sensory impulses.
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Integration of Motor functions.
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Integration of Visceral & somatic function.
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Applied Aspects. Thalamic syndrome. Korsakoff’s syndrome Frontal lobotomy.
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Thalamic syndrome. Disturbance of emotional response to
sensory experience. Cause .
Thrombotic blockage of Thalamogeniculate branch of Posterior Cerebral Artery.
Damage to Posteroventral & Posterolateral nuclei.
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Signs & symptomsSensory symptoms
Thalamic Phantom limb.- unable to locate position of limb with closed eye. Due to loss of kinaesthetic sensation.
Asteriognosis. Thalamic over-reaction.–
sensation to touch, pain , temp exaggerated.
Amelognosis. – illusion of absent limb.
Motor symptoms
Thalamic hand or Athetoid hand – Moderate flexion of the wrist with hyper extended fingers.
Ataxia.-- muscle tone & profound muscle weakness.
Involuntary movements.– chorea, athetosis & intension tremors.
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Korsakoff’s syndrome Difficulty in remembering new information. Due to – lesions of mediodorsal nucleus of
thalamus.
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Frontal lobotomy.
To relieve intractable pain.
Dividing dorsal nuclei of thalamus from the frontal lobe.
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Thank You