Download - The 13 Colonies & Early American Identity
The 13 Colonies & Early American
Identity
Review- Reasons for European Settlement
Desire for spices, fabrics, gold- things they couldn’t get in England
The Renaissance
New navigation technology- stern rudders that could sail into the wind
Monarchs who want wealth and power with empires
Converting Natives to Catholicism
Mercantilism
Spain
Mostly settled in Cuba, Mexico, California, American Southwest, Florida
Colonial administration in the hands of Spanish born governors
Eventually replace Indian slaves with African slaves
Columbian Exchange
Impact on Native people- destruction of civilizations, diseases, intermarried with some natives, conversion to Catholicism
France
Claims in eastern Canada and Mississippi Valley
Overlapped with England and Spain
Controlled immigrations- no Huguenots
Coexisted peacefully with Indians
Wealth from fur trade
Population growth much slower than other countries
Dutch maintained a colony in NY from 1624-1665
England
Factors that led to English exploration Religious controversy- Protestant vs. Catholic Glorious Revolution Foreign wars
Other reasons English immigrated to America Economic gain Escape from political persecution Desire for religious freedom from non-Anglicans
Main Idea
Between 1607 and 1763, North American colonists developed experience in, and the expectation of, self-government in the political, religious, economic, and social aspects of their lives.
Virginia
Jamestown 1607- settled by the London VA Company for economic gain
Saved from ruin/starving time by tobacco
Most were Anglican and were wealthy Englishmen (Cavaliers)- received land from the king, were the 2nd sons
First Africans arrive in 1619- many became indentured servants, eventually turn to slavery after Bacon’s Rebellion
House of Burgesses in 1619- Starts representative government and beginning of salutary neglect/self-government
Fought with the Powhatan Indians twice- ended in 1644 with the Indians banished from their land-suffered from disease, disorganization, and disposability (no longer needed once the colonists knew how to grow their own food)
New England
Pilgrims- Plymouth Colony in 1620 Leader was William Bradford Wanted to separate from the Church of England-
separatists Originally fled to Holland, but didn’t like that their children
becoming more Dutch than English Negotiated with Jamestown to settle in Jamestown, but
the Mayflower was blown off course during the voyage and they ended up in Massachusetts
Had no government- wrote the Mayflower Compact- was an agreement to submit to the will of the majority, created the basis for government by consent and an example for self-government of future colonies. Agreed to make decisions in town meetings with open discussions.
New England
Puritans- wanted to reform/purify the Church of England
1629 got a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company 11 ships carrying 1,000 people- bigger than any of the other
English settlements
John Winthrop was the 1st governor Believed he had calling from God to lead the religious
experiment “We shall be as a city upon a hill,” a beacon to humanity Thought they had a covenant with God, an agreement to build a
holy society to be a model for humankind
Becomes the biggest and most influential of the New England colonies
New England
Dissenters began to develop in New England- people we persecuted with fines, floggings, banishment, even death for disagreeing with the strict Puritan society Ex. Ann Hutchinson- banished for her ideas on predestination,
moved to Rhode Island while pregnant with her 14th child
Rhode Island- Started by Roger Williams in 1636 after he was banished for
his radical ideas. Wanted a clean break from the church and challenged the MA Bay Charter for taking the land from Indians
Established complete freedom of religion even for Jews and Catholics, no taxes for the church, etc.
Made Rhode Island more liberal than any of the other English settlements
New England
Connecticut- 1636- Settled by Thomas Hooker to be a Puritan colony. Made money by fishing and fur trading.
New Hampshire- Started in 1623 to make money from trading and fishing and to escape religious persecution. Leaders were Benning & John Wentworth and John Wheelwright.
New England
Mostly founded for religious freedom
Covenant Communities & Town Meetings characterized the government
Made money with fishing, lumber, ship building, trading
Little religious freedom- most were Puritans
Small farms and towns characterized the landscape
Middle Colonies
New York- 1625- started as a Dutch colony called New Netherland around the Hudson River Bought Manhattan from the Indians for virtually
worthless trinkets. New Amsterdam- becomes New York City- was run by the
Dutch Company to make money New England (English settlers) were hostile of the growth
of the Dutch colony and began to move into the area. The English regarded them as intruders
Charles II granted the land to his brother, Duke of York, who sent an English squadron who beat the defenses of New Amsterdam, who surrendered without firing a shot. Renamed New York in honor of the Duke of York in 1664
Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania- Started by William Penn as a way to make money, an experiment in government, and a haven for Quakers- dissenters (Protestants that were not Anglican) 1681 received a grant of land from the king due to a debt the
king owed his deceased father Called it Pennsylvania- meaning “Penn’s Woodland” Best advertised of any of the colonies- attracted English,
Dutch, French, and Germans Encouraged substantial land holdings Philadelphia was the most carefully planned city in colonial
America Purchased the land from the Indians Representative assembly, no-tax for church, freedom of
worship
Middle Colonies
New Jersey- 1664 by John Berkeley and John Carteret. Got the land from the Duke of York in order to make money.
Sold some of the land to a group of Quakers for religious freedom
Delaware- Started in 1638 but gets its own government in 1703. Originally a Swedish colony, but taken over by the English. Named after Lord De La Warr Worked closely with Pennsylvania
Middle Colonies
Maryland- 1634 started as a Catholic colony to help Catholics escape religious persecution Started by George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) and Cecilis
Calvert Copies VA in order to make money by growing tobacco Passed the Maryland Act of Toleration in 1649
Catholics were worried they would lose their religious freedom as more protestants were moving in to Maryland from VA, DE, PA
Passed the Act while Catholics still had power of the government and protected their religious freedom
Beginning of religious freedom in America, even though Jews and atheists were still discriminated against
Middle Colonies
Became known as the “bread colonies” due to their heavy exports of grain
Participated in the fur trading, lumbering, and ship building
NY and Philadelphia grew to be huge seaports
Had largest middle class
Democratic local governments
Most diverse (maybe “most American”) and most religious toleration
Southern Colonies
South Carolina- 1670 by eight nobles- Lords Proprietors- friends of Charles II Colonization began again because Charles was
brought back into power- the Restoration Wanted to make money by growing sugar Rice emerges as the cash crop- wanted slaves from
West Africa who had experience growing rice in Africa Many wealthy British men moved to Carolina- 2nd sons-
because they had been deprived of land inheritance Became “aristocratic” Often fought with the Spanish in FL and the Indians
Southern Colonies
North Carolina- originally started by “squatters” from VA and SC. Fought with the SC governor for man years, until it was eventually separated in 1712 Regarded as “riff raff” by the wealthier settlers of VA
& SC- thought to be hospitable to pirates and poor Just like Rhode Island- becomes one of the most
democratic, independent-minded, and least aristocratic of the 13 colonies
Fought wars with the Tuscarora Indians- wins the war and sells the Indians into slavery
Southern Colonies
Georgia- Started in 1733- last of the 13 colonies. Created by the crown to serve as a buffer between the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana and South Carolina. Got money from the crown to serve as the buffer Also started by James Oglethorpe who wanted to
reform prisons Allowed debtors to come to Georgia to start over
Tried to outlaw slavery but caves to pressure from SC who had been losing slaves to GA
Southern Colonies
Cash crops- tobacco, rice, indigo
Slavery and plantation colonies
Plantations and large rivers thwarted the growth of big cities, schools, and established churches
Allowed religious freedom- but Anglican the major religion
Founded to make money
Excessive tobacco growing drove settlers westward- which led to multiple confrontation with Native Americans
Political Development
By 1750 most colonies had become Royal- only RI & CT were still self governing
Structure: Had a governor appointed by the king or proprietors In New England- elected by property holding men Two house legislature- elected by men Local Government:
New England- Town meetings- direct democracy, open voting Middle- Elected officials Southern- Plantation owners elected officials- House of Burgesses
Began developing strong tradition of self-government- ex. Dominion of New England imposed by the Crown and rejected by the colonists after Glorious Revolution
Colonial Society
Varied from region to region
Southern/Chesapeake: more divided than the other two, most of the wealth was in the hands of the large plantation owners, however most of the society was poor farmers. Unhealthy in the beginning- swampy areas, in 1650
men outnumbered women 6 to 1. Weak family ties and most women were pregnant when they married.
Many single young men, frustrated by not getting land, and not able to find a woman to marry
Women had more rights- were able to keep land in their name since death was so common
Colonial Society
New England- Most came to the new world as families (unlike VA/MD) More stable society, which allowed for bigger population
growth Women were not given many rights in order to encourage
tighter family ties between women and their husbands Small villages and towns, education was more of a priority
than in the south- first college-Harvard was founded in 1636 Salem Witch Trials- 1692- demonstrated the change in society
Girls accused property-owning women, families who had more money, or who weren’t true Puritans
Ended with the Governor’s wife was accused Religion, family, town meetings, all strong in the New England
society
Colonial Society
Family: men had the most power; early marriages; many children
Men: had all the property rights; only ones who could vote/hold office
Women: few legal rights, took care of children, food, clothes, house hold products, etc.
Standard of living and general health better than Europe- usually lived 10 years longer
Class structure began evolving based on wealth but there were many more opportunities to move up the class ladder than in England 2 indentured servants signed the Declaration of Independence Franklin only had 2 loaves of bread and his clothes when he arrived
in PA
Colonial Economy
New England: Agriculture was based on small farms- subsistence
farming, run by families, not for export Fishing- sold to West Indies Lumber became a huge commodity for ship building Many merchants who helped with trading- Boston
especially Clash with London’s mercantilist policies
Middle Agriculture dominant- breadbasket colonies- wheat
especially Merchants in New York and Philadelphia Largest middle class/artisans/merchants
Colonial Economy
Southern: Plantations dominant over small farms Cash crops
Tobacco in VA/MD Rice, Indigo in Carolinas
Creates the need for a cheap labor sources- changes from Indians, to Indentured Servants, to African slaves
England tried to control the trade of the colonies with Navigation Acts- limited who the colonies could trade with and what the colonies could buy/sell. Becomes frustrating and limiting for the colonists as the colonies begin to grow and outpace England in consumption of products Salutary Neglect- England begins to relax the enforcement of
the Navigation Acts as long as the Colonies continue to sell to England and buy English products
Create a list of the characteristics of your region Motives for settlement, geography and climate,
examples of the unique society and culture that developed there.
Which region would have been most geographically and economically similar to England and most likely to have compete with her?
Which region would have been favored by England because of the resources it could provide?
Map of the 13 Colonies
Label the 13 colonies- Include date founded Leader Label the 3 regions Put key words to describe the social structure and
economy
You have 15 minutes
Development of Slavery
Begins with Indentured Servants in the South- voluntarily mortgaging themselves for 4-7 years in order to come to America Headright System- used in the South- whoever paid the
passage of the laborer received 50 acres of land- led to huge land holders in the south which become the Plantations
100,000 indentured servants came to VA/MD by 1700
As the indentured servants finished their time, the South was flooded with a class of poor, endebted, landless settlers who became frustrated with Indian attacks and the wealthy plantation owners of the South Bacon’s Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon led 1,000 Virginians in a
rebellion in 1676 to protest the Governor. They brunt down Jamestown.
Development of Slavery
Impacts of Bacon’s Rebellion- Ignited the resentments of landless former servants and
scared the gentry of the plantations Plantation owners worried about the resentment of the
lower class looked for a less troublesome labor source and a way to unite themselves with the white lower class Turn to African Slaves
Need for cheap labor in the Southern society Originally used Native Americans, but they all die from
disease Turn to Indentured Servants After Bacon’s Rebellion change to African slaves
Development of Slavery
First Africans arrived in 1619 Originally indentured servants
Southerners also began to be able to afford slaves by the 1700s Saw them as self-renewing labor source Immune to diseases Knew how to grow rice- very high demand for these slaves in
the Carolinas
By 1750 slavery was legal in all colonies Half the population of VA by 1750 Outnumbered white colonists by 2 to one in SC By 1775 80 percent of slaves in colonies were American born
Development of Slavery
Middle Passage- Death rates has high as 20 percent Sold in Rhode Island and Charleston, SC
SC slaves develop the Gullah culture and language
NY Slave Revolt in 1712 and Stono Rebellion in 1739 in SC led tighter control of slaves throughout the colonies and increased fear of future revolts.
Rebellions & Conflicts in the Colonies
Bacon’s Rebellion
Tensions flared between Native Americans struggling to retain land and independence and expanding settlers, especially white freedmen who often squatted illegally on tribal lands
Divided white society because Governor Berkeley, and wealthy land owners, help fur-trade monopolies Colonists resented the governor
Stung by low tobacco prices and taxes that took almost a quarter of their yearly incomes, small farmers preferred the less costly solution of waging a war of extermination
Nathaniel Bacon, a newly arrived, wealthy planter and the Governor’s relative inspired the lower class white planters
Bacon’s Rebellion
300 colonists elected Bacon to lead them against the nearby Indians in April 1676 Bacon only found peaceful Indians, but killed them
anyways
Originally Governor Berkely granted Bacon permission to wage war against the Natives, and when he tried to call Bacon back, Bacon returned with is 1,300 followers with their guns pointed at Jamestown Bacon and his men forced Governor Berkeley to flee and
burned Jamestown Right when Bacon was winning and becoming the leader
of Jamestown, he dies of dysentery and his followers dispersed
Bacon’s Rebellion
Impacts of Bacon’s Rebellion- Revealed a society under stress- example of long pent-
up frustrations by marginal taxpayers and former servants seeking land Ignited the resentments of landless former servants and
scared the gentry of the plantations Showed the willingness of whites to murder, enslave, or
expel all Native Americas and made clear that racial hostility was also a motive
Plantation owners worried about the resentment of the lower class looked for a less troublesome labor source and a way to unite themselves with the white lower class Turn to African Slaves
Pequot War
Begins in 1633 when settlers moved into the Connecticut River Valley and created Connecticut in 1635. Tension quickly developed with the Pequot Indians who controlled the trade in furs with the Dutch. Once tensions escalated into violence, MA and CT took coordinated
military action in 1637 beginning the Pequot War The English had support from two other tribes, the Mohegan and
Narragansett, and waged a ruthless campaign Ex. English troops surrounded and set fire to the Pequot village in CT
before dawn and then “cut down” all who tried to escape. Several hundred, including women and children, were killed.
By late 1637 Pequot resistance was crushed and survivors were taken by pro-English Indians or by the English as slaves
The Pequot land was given to the colonists of CT and New Haven Created a 40-year peace treaty with the natives who helped the
Puritans.
King Philip’s War
Anglo-Indian conflict increased in the 1670s because of pressures imposed on Indians to sell more land and accept the authority of the colonial governments
Tension was especially high in the Plymouth colony where Metacom, “King Philip,” was the leading Wampanoag chief.
The English had convinced many of the Wampanoags to renounce their loyalty to Metacom and forced Metacom to accept many concessions
In 1675, Plymouth hanged 3 Wampanoags for killing a Christian Indian and threatened to arrest Metacom, which led to King Philip’s War
Eventually 2/3rds of the colonies’ Native Americans rallied around Metacom, and unlike the Pequot's, they were familiar with guns and were as well armed as the colonists.
King Philip’s War
Indian raiders attacked 52 of New England’s 90 towns (entirely destroying 12), burned 1,200 houses and killed 8,000 cattle, and killed 2,500 colonists (5% of the population)
The tide turned against Metacom in 1676 after the Mohawk Iroquois of NY and other local Indians joined the English against him.
The colonists and their Native American allies scattered their enemies and destroyed their food supplies 5,000 Indians starved or died in battle, including Metacom,
and others fled to NY and Canada The English sold hundreds of captives into West Indian
slavery, including Metacom’s wife and child
King Philip’s War
Effects: Reduced southern New England’s Indian population
by 40% and eliminated organized resistance to white expansion.
Deepened English hostility toward all Native Americans, even those who had supported the colonies.
Remaining Natives were put onto early reservations
Pueblo Revolt
From the beginning the Spanish sought to rule New Mexico by subordinating the Pueblo Indians Used missionaries and forced the natives to
convert to Catholicism Used the encomienda system, using the natives
as slaves Drove a wedge between the Pueblos and their
nonfarming neighbors since the Spanish took the Pueblo’s corn, thus preventing the Pueblos from trading their surplus to their neighbors, which led to the Apaches and Navajos leading raids on the Pueblos in order to get corn
Pueblo Revolt
Originally the Pueblos accepted Spanish rule, but in the 1660s their crops withered under droughts Starvation and diseases sent the Pueblo population from
80,000 in 1598 to 17,000 in the 1670s In response Pueblos reverted back to their religious beliefs
hoping to restore the success they had before the Spanish Missionaries destroyed Pueblo religious objects and publicly
whipped Pueblo religious leaders and followers
In 1675 the Spanish governor sentenced 3 Pueblo religious leaders to the gallows, a fourth killed himself, and 43 others were jailed, whipped, and sold as slaves
Pueblo leaders began planning a secret overthrow of the Spanish government, with Popé as their leader
Pueblo Revolt
In August 1680, Popé and his followers attacked the homes of 70 Spanish colonists, killing all but 2. They moved south and joined a massive siege of New Mexico’s
capital, Santa Fe. Begins the “Pueblo Revolt”- the most successful Indian uprising
in American history
400 Spanish colonists were killed
The Spanish fled from New Mexico and did not return until 1692 with a new Governor, Vargas
Vargas used violence to reestablish Spanish rule, but did not reestablish control until 1700, even then it was much more limited than it was before. Got rid of the encomienda system and they were allowed to
practice their religion
Leisler’s Rebellion
Restoration monarchs in England (Charles II & James II) disliked representative government, they wanted to rule like “absolute” monarchs
James II (a catholic) consolidated MA, NH, CT, RI, Plymouth, NY and NJ into a single administrative unit, called the Dominion of New England, with Boston as the capital The legislatures of these colonies ceased to exist,
and a single governor, Sir Edmund Andros headed the “supercolony”
Leisler’s Rebellion
New Yorkers were concerned that the Catholics in power would betray NY to France, England’s rival Andros allowed the harbor’s forts to deteriorate and
downplayed rumors that Native Americans would attack
Charles II & James II ignored Parliament and allowed Catholics to hold high office and worship openly
When James II had a son who would ascend to the throne, English citizens could not tolerate another Catholic monarch, so England’s leading political and religious leaders invited Mary and her husband William to become king and Queen of England
Leisler’s Rebellion
William led a small Dutch army to England in 1688 and most of the English troops surrendered and James II fled to France Known as the Glorious Revolution & created the “limited
monarchy”
News that James II had fled England excited New England. Boston’s militia arrested Andros, who had tried to flee in women’s clothing, but was caught when a guard spotted a “lady” in army boots
King William dismantled the Dominion of New England, but changed voting rights to be determined by property rights, not church membership
Leisler’s Rebellion
Emboldened by the Glorious Revolution and Boston’s newfound rights, NY’s militia, consisting mostly of Dutch and other non-English middle class, seized the harbor’s main fort on May 31, 1689.
Militia Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony, reparied tis defense and called elections for an assembly
When English troops arrived in NY in 1691, Leisler denied them entry to the NY forts, thinking wrongly they were loyal to James II A fight resulted and Leisler was arrested
Leisler’s Rebellion
Emboldened by the Glorious Revolution and Boston’s newfound rights, NY’s militia, consisting mostly of Dutch and other non-English middle class, seized the harbor’s main fort on May 31, 1689.
Militia Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony, reparied tis defense and called elections for an assembly
When English troops arrived in NY in 1691, Leisler denied them entry to the NY forts, thinking wrongly they were loyal to James II A fight resulted and Leisler was arrested
Leisler’s Rebellion
Leisler was arrested for questioning the elite NY authority and was charged with treason. He was found guilty, along with his son-in-law, and
both were hanged
Effects: Changed the colonies’ political climate by reestablishing representative government and ensuring religious freedom for Protestants. A foundation was laid for an empire built on voluntary allegiance rather than submission to raw power imposed by London
Stono Rebellion
1739 in South Carolina
20 Africans seized guns and ammunition from a store at the Stono River Bridge, outside Charles Town
80 men headed south towards Spanish FL, a well-known refuge for runaway slaves from English colonies
Along the way the slaves burned 7 plantations and killed 20 whites, but they spared a Scottish innkeeper who was known for being kind to his slaves
The SC militia surrounded the slaves and killed them mercilessly and left the heads of runaway slaves on every milepost between that spot and Charles Town
After the rebellion, whites enacted a new slave code that kept slaves under constant surveillance and reinforced the rigid, racist and fear-ridded planation society
Individually rank the wars, with 1 being the war with the greatest impact on cultural change and relationships between Native Americas and colonists, and 6 being the war that had the least impact. You must have at least one piece of relevant
historical evidence
Great Awakening
Earlier generations had relied on established authority figures (parents, local clergy) for guidance
By the middle of the 18th century, older authorities were less help when established elites seemed to act out of self-interest—the result was a widespread spiritual hunger that was unsatisfied by traditional religion or Enlightenment philosophy
By 1739 an outpouring of European Protestant revivalism spread to North America Across lines of class, gender, and race
Revivals represented an unleashing of anxiety and longing for assurances of salvation, which they received through powerful preaching of ministers who appealed to their audiences’ emotions rather than their intellects
Great Awakening
Revivalist ministers aroused their audience by depicting the sinfulness of humans and the need for immediate repentance
John Edwards and George Whitefield were the most prominent revivalists 20,000 would come to hear their speeches, weep at their
message, and were inspired to seek salvation In CT church membership increased from 630 in 1740 to
2,217 after Whitefield in 1741
Division existed between the revivalists, known as New Lights, and the rationalist clergy, or Old Lights, who dominated the Anglican and Presbyterian churches
Great Awakening
The “Great Awakening” or “revival” had opened unprecedented splits in American Protestantism.
In 1741 New and Old Light Presbyterians formed rival branches and did not reunite until 1758
The Great Awakening peaked in New England in 1742, and Virginia in 1755 with an upsurge in conversions by Baptists
Effects: Marked a decline in the influence of Quakers and Anglicans; contributed to the weakening of officially established denominations, as the number of Presbyterians and Baptists increased
Great Awakening
Led to creation of New Colleges College of New Jersey (Princeton) King’s College (Columbia) College of Rhode Island (Brown) Queen’s College (Rutgers)
Marked the beginning of black Protestantism and attracted Native Americans
Added to white women’s religious prominence Gave women the right to vote in church meetings
Blurred denominational differences among Protestants
Great Awakening
By empowering ordinary people to act publicly on beliefs that countered those in authority, the revivals laid some of the groundwork for political revolutionaries a generation later
Enlightenment
Combined confidence in human reason with skepticism toward beliefs not founded on science or strict logic
Franklin creates the American Philosophical Society in 1743 Encourage enlightenment thought in America
Americans drew on the revolutionary ideas as they declared their independence from England and crated the foundations of a new nation John Locke- natural rights, government gets their
power from the people, government rests in the consent of the government
Navigation Acts & Mercantilism
Mercantilism- each nation’s power is measured by its wealth- to secure wealth, a country needed to maximize its sale of goods abroad. Colonies supply the raw materials and serve as
markets for finished products
Navigation Acts Start in 1651- governed the commerce of the
colonies Required the trade be carried out only in English
boats Enumerated list- tobacco, rice, indigo, had to be
exported only to England Imports to the colonies had to go through England
first
Salutary Neglect
As long as the colonies continued to send raw materials and buy the finished products, England would not enforce the Navigation Acts Allowed colonists to develop self government and prosper
economically Causes tension when the British start enforcing the Acts
after the French and Indian war in order to make money Americans begin smuggling in products to avoid the taxes
imposed by the Navigation Acts
Writs of Assistance- passed in order to get the colonists to stop smuggling- they were a search warrant that allowed British officers to seize illegally imported goods. Allowed them to enter any ship or building where smuggled goods might be hidden.
Create a graphic organizer that accurately illustrates the relationship between the terms: triangle trade, mercantilism, Navigation Acts, salutary neglect, Parliament, Virginia House of Burgesses, Colonial governors Middle Passage
French & Indian War
Fought between the British and the French on every continent except Australia
In North America fighting started in the Ohio River Valley, which was claimed by Virginia, Pennsylvania, France & the Iroquois
George Washington was sent to force the French out in 1754, but he was defeated by the French- this clash begins the fighting in North America
England sends General Edward Braddock and 1,000 troops to seize For Duquesne in Ohio
French & Indian War
1755 Braddock took 2,200 British/Colonial soldiers and fought 250 French Canadians and 600 Native Americans 900 British died, including Braddock, while only 23 French
and Indians died
England was being defeated on all fronts
Turning Points Iroquois and Ohio Indians turned against the French and
singed a peace treaty to abandon the French in 1758 Many Indians withdrew from fighting or joined the British
William Pitt took control of the British Pitt promised Parliament would bear the cost of fighting the
war, which generated support from the colonists- provide 40,000
French & Indian War
France begins negotiating to surrender in 1762 and the war ends with the treaty of Paris in 1763 France gave up all lands and claims east of the
Mississippi to England France ceded the territory west of the Mississippi to
Spain All France had left was tiny fishing islands off
Newfoundland
French & Indian War
Increases tensions between the American colonists and the British British officers complained about the colonists, how
often they would return home even during fighting, and for being unwilling to provide food and shelter
Pitt’s promise to reimburse the colonial assemblies angered most in England who thought the colonists were escaping from the war’s financial burden
Colonists had profited from the war, which angered British merchants
England’s national debt doubled during the war from 72 million to over 132 million, whereas the debt of the colonies was about 2 million- debt was assumed by British landowners through a land tax
French & Indian War
Increases tension between the American colonists and the British Colonists felt that the British were deliberately trying
to “enslave” the colonies by making them indebted to the British merchants
Pontiac’s War- attacked British forts, but eventually made peace with England. Proclamation of 1763- England tried to control the
colonial settlement west of the Appalachian mountains
French & Indian War
England couldn’t afford to pay to protect colonists from the Indians west of the line Angered colonists who had been granted that land in
their charters England left 10,000 soldiers in the Great Lakes to
enforce the line Cost of maintaining the military presence would be
6% of England’s budget English citizens thought it was reasonable for colonists
to help pay for this expense Americans thought that this was a “standing army” that
threatened their liberty and blocked their expansion
French & Indian War
Crash Course in French & Indian War
What generated the struggle between France and England in Europe? In America?
What new military tactics were developed in response to the New World? What technologies became necessary to support the tactics?
What evidence was there of colonial disloyalty during the war?
What vision of the American colonists did the British hold during and after the French & Indian war?
What consequences did the results of the French & Indian war have for the 13 colonies? How did the war and its results further strain the relations between the colonies and the Mother Country?