Download - The 1950s: The Cold War Heats Up
The 1950s:The Cold War
Heats Up
Defensive AlliancesN.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Three purposes:deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding the revival of nationalist militarism in Europe through a strong North American presence on the continent, and encouraging European political integration.
The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949. In the Treaty’s renowned Article 5, the new Allies agreed “an armed attack against one or more of them… shall be considered an attack against them all” and that following such an attack, each Ally would take “such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force” in response.
http://www.nato.int/history/nato-history.html
Defensive AlliancesN.A.T.O.—North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO.int
Dean Acheson
Defensive AlliancesWarsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955
Why?West Germany joined NATO on May 5, 1955, the Soviet Union declared that West Germany's membership in the Western alliance created a special threat to Soviet interests.
The Soviet Union also declared that this development made its existing network of bilateral treaties an inadequate security guarantee and forced the East European socialist countries to "combine efforts in a strong political and military alliance."
Defensive AlliancesWarsaw Pact Signed on May 14, 1955
PurposeThe formation of a legally defined, multilateral alliance organization also reinforced the Soviet Union's claim to power status as the leader of the world socialist system, enhanced its prestige, and legitimized its presence and influence in Eastern Europe.
http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WarPact.html
Defensive AlliancesNATO and Warsaw Pact Nations
1-33rdar.org
Vietnam WarFrench Phase (1946-1954)
France tries to regain Indo-China after world War II.Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos)
OppositionNguyen That Thanh (Ho Chi Minh meaning Bringer of Light) and the Viet Minh, they were a communist
dominated independence movement to fight the Japanese who invaded Vietnam.
Vietnam WarFrench Phase (1946-1954)
The Viet Minh announced the independence of Vietnam in 1946.
The French refused to relinquish control until 1954 they agreed to peace talks in Geneva.
Korean WarPrevious Conditions
Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895Japan remains in Korea
Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905Japan defeats Russia, annex Korea in 1910
Post World War IIRussia occupies Korea August 10, 1945
Kim iL Sung invades South Korea on June 25, 1950 and calls for the “heroic struggle” to reunite Korea.
Korean War
---------------------------------------------------------------------38SouthKorea
Syngman RheeNon-Communist
Kim Il SungCommunist
NorthKorea
*Pyongyang
*Seoul
Korean WarKorea Personal.psu.edu
Korean War
Countrystudies.usMtholyoke.edu
Kim Il Sung Sygman Rhee
Korean WarResult
Korean war ends in July 1953 as a stalemate.
Central Intelligence Agency
BackgroundWith the fall of the Axis powers and the end of World War II in
1945, President Harry S. Truman and Congress demobilized wartime agencies, like the Office of Strategic Services (OSS ) — the forerunner of the CIA.
He recognized the need for an organization that would correlate reports and give him a regular and consistent intelligence product.
Truman decided to establish the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in January 1946 which was to provide the president with regular updates on matters concerning national security in a timely manner.
Central Intelligence Agency
BackgroundIn September 1947, President Truman
recognized the need for a permanent, civilian intelligence organization. The Central Intelligence Agency was established with the signing of the National Security Act of 1947, which charged the fledgling intelligence office with coordinating the nation’s intelligence activities and correlating, evaluating and disseminating intelligence affecting national security.
https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/presidential-reflections-harry-truman.html
Central Intelligence Agency
National Security Act July 26, 1947
Usa-anti-communist.com
GuatemalaJacobo Arbenz (1913-1971)
--elected president of Guatemala in 1950.
--He was instituting socioeconomic reforms
Ceur.usas.edu.gt June 4, 1950
GuatemalaC.I.A.’s Perspective
They believed that Guatemala had an “intensely nationalistic program of progress colored by anti-
foreign inferiority complex of the Banana Republic.”
Why overthrow?Arbenz expropriated 234, 000 acres of land owned by United Fruit offering compensation that United
fruit called unacceptable.
GuatemalaCarlos Castillo Armas
The C.I.A. offers to overthrow the Guatemalan government in collaboration with Nicaraguan dictator Anastacio Somoza and disgruntled general Carlos Castillo Armas
Sellosmundo.com
GuatemalaOperation PB Fortune--Authorized by President Truman as early as 1952
Operation PB Success--Authorized by President Eisenhower in August 1953.--They utilized $2.7 million for “psychological warfare and political action”
GuatemalaResult
--Arbenz resigns on June 27, 1954.--Prior to this the option of assassination was still
being considered.--After the C.I.A. installs Castillo Armas in power,
hundreds of Guatemalans are rounded up and killed.--Armas gave the land back to United Fruit and
abolished the tax on interest and dividends to foreign investors and eliminated the secret ballot.
United FruitRetroadverto.wordpress.com
JonWilliamson.com
GuatemalaGuatemala
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb7XaF1rs1E
GuatemalaCentral America U.S. Influences
Cla.calpoly.edu
Suez CanalAswan High Dam
Built for hydro-electric power
Flood control and Irrigation of crops
Constructed from 1960-1970
CIA.gov
Suez CanalPre-Construction
Loans
U.S. Britain World Bank$56 billion $14 billion $200 million
July 19, 1956—The U.S. withdraws their loanoffer. Why?
Egypt recognizes communist China
Suez CanalJuly 26, 1956
President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez canal
Marxist.org
Nasser waving to a crowd on August 1, 1956 after nationalizing the Suez canal
Suez CanalPerspectives
United KingdomPrime Minister Anthony Eden views the canal as a
theft.United States
Secretary of State Dulles states Nasser should have to disgorge it.U.S.S.R.
Supported by the Egyptians
Suez CanalAnthony Eden and John Foster Dulles
CIA.gov
Suez CanalTripartite Invasion
The invasion of Egypt by Britain, France and Israel
October 28, 1956
--The plan called for an attack across the Sinai Desert from Israel. Israel would not attack unless Britain and
France would destroy the Egyptian air force. --Egyptians put up a fierce resistance. Ships were
sunk in the canal to prevent transit.
Suez CanalTripartite Invasion
U.S.S.R.Threatened rocket attacks in Britain and France
if they did not withdraw.U.S.
Unaware their allies were going to invade Egypt, put pressure on them to withdraw.
Suez CanalTripartite Invasion
Result
November 6, 1956—British agree to withdraw
December 22, 1956—final evacuation takes place
Suez CanalSuez Canal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idGKDBu5hAU
Suez CanalSuez Canal from the CIA
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/the-art-of-strategic-counterintelligence.html
Space RaceNASA 50th Anniversary of the Space Age
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/