The Age of The Age of ImperialismImperialism
Chapter 27Chapter 27
1850-19141850-1914
What is imperialism?What is imperialism? The seizure (takeover) of a country or The seizure (takeover) of a country or
territory by a stronger countryterritory by a stronger country
What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism?
Why do Europeans do this?Why do Europeans do this? Industrialization sparks the need for: Industrialization sparks the need for:
Land perfect for establishing trading and Land perfect for establishing trading and military postsmilitary posts
Natural resources and raw materialsNatural resources and raw materials New markets for productsNew markets for products
Remember this?Remember this?
Well, they need thisWell, they need this
What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism?
Europeans want to control all Europeans want to control all aspects of their coloniesaspects of their colonies PoliticsPolitics SocietySociety EconomyEconomy Culture and customsCulture and customs
Types of ImperialismTypes of Imperialism
Methods of ManagementMethods of Management Direct ControlDirect Control
Paternalism – Europeans provide for local Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rightspeople but grant no rights
Assimilation – adaptation of local people to Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling cultureruling culture
Indirect ControlIndirect Control Limited self-rule for local governmentsLimited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial & local Legislative body includes colonial & local
officialsofficials
Types of ImperialismTypes of Imperialism
Forms of ControlForms of Control ColonyColony
Governed by a foreign powerGoverned by a foreign power ProtectorateProtectorate
Governs itself, but under outside controlGoverns itself, but under outside control Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence
Outside power controls investments & Outside power controls investments & tradingtrading
Economic ImperialismEconomic Imperialism Private business interests assert controlPrivate business interests assert control
I. The Scramble for I. The Scramble for AfricaAfrica
Africa Before European DominationAfrica Before European Domination Divided into hundreds of ethnic groupsDivided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or
ChristianityChristianity Nations ranged from large empires to Nations ranged from large empires to
independent villagesindependent villages Africans controlled their own trade networksAfricans controlled their own trade networks Europeans only had contact on African Europeans only had contact on African
coastscoasts
The Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa (cont)(cont)
Nations compete for overseas Nations compete for overseas empiresempires Europeans wanted more landEuropeans wanted more land
Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubberrubber
Africa was a mystery to manyAfrica was a mystery to many Europeans who penetrated Africa were:Europeans who penetrated Africa were:
Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to
ChristianityChristianity Humanitarians – Humanitarians – ““westernizewesternize”” the the ““savagessavages””
How/Why Did It Begin?How/Why Did It Begin?
This is Belgium This is This is Belgium This is Congo (Africa)Congo (Africa)
How/Why Did It begin?How/Why Did It begin? Congo River Valley Chiefs signed Congo River Valley Chiefs signed
treaties that gave King Leopold II of treaties that gave King Leopold II of Belgium personal control of these landsBelgium personal control of these lands
Leopold claimed he planned on ending Leopold claimed he planned on ending the slave trade therethe slave trade there
He licensed companies that brutally He licensed companies that brutally exploited Africansexploited Africans
The Belgian Congo is 80 times larger The Belgian Congo is 80 times larger than Belgiumthan Belgium
This alarms other European countries, This alarms other European countries, who start claiming lands of their own who start claiming lands of their own all over Africaall over Africa
The Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa (cont)(cont)
Forces Driving ImperialismForces Driving Imperialism Belief in European superiorityBelief in European superiority
RacismRacism Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism
Factors Promoting Imperialism in AfricaFactors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European technological superiorityEuropean technological superiority Europeans had means to controlEuropeans had means to control New medicines prevent diseasesNew medicines prevent diseases
The Division of AfricaThe Division of Africa
The Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference (1884)(1884) Europeans leaders divide Europeans leaders divide
AfricaAfrica No African ruler invitedNo African ruler invited Little or no thought about Little or no thought about
the complex differences in the complex differences in ethnic groupsethnic groups
By 1914 – Only independent By 1914 – Only independent nationsnations
LiberiaLiberia EthiopiaEthiopia
According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa?
How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?
South AfricaSouth Africa
Three Groups Clash for PowerThree Groups Clash for Power AfricansAfricans
Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the BritishZulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation lost to British in 1887Zulu nation lost to British in 1887
BoersBoers Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since
the mid 1600sthe mid 1600s Also known as AfrikanersAlso known as Afrikaners
BritishBritish Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin
ConferenceConference
Boer WarBoer War Fought between the Boers and the Fought between the Boers and the
BritishBritish Many Africans fought with the BoersMany Africans fought with the Boers First example of First example of ““total wartotal war”” British win in 1910British win in 1910
Established the Union of South Africa (British Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)Rule)
Effects of European Imperialism in Africa
II. Case Study: NigeriaII. Case Study: Nigeria
BritainBritain’’s control of Nigerias control of Nigeria Britain takes control by diplomacy & Britain takes control by diplomacy &
forceforce All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914All of Nigeria claimed as a colony in 1914
Nigeria very culturally diverseNigeria very culturally diverse 250 ethnic groups250 ethnic groups
British utilize indirect ruleBritish utilize indirect rule Local chiefs resent limits on their ruleLocal chiefs resent limits on their rule
African ResistanceAfrican Resistance Africans Confront ImperialismAfricans Confront Imperialism
Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weaponsweapons
Unsuccessful MovementsUnsuccessful Movements Algeria fights the French for 50 yearsAlgeria fights the French for 50 years German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 German East Africa resistance results in 75,000
deathsdeaths Successful MovementsSuccessful Movements
Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik IIEthiopia under Emperor Menelik II Plays Europeans against each otherPlays Europeans against each other Stockpiles modern weaponsStockpiles modern weapons Defeats Italy and remains independentDefeats Italy and remains independent
Legacy of ImperialismLegacy of Imperialism Negative EffectsNegative Effects
Africans lose land and independenceAfricans lose land and independence Many lives are lostMany lives are lost Traditional cultures breakdownTraditional cultures breakdown Division of Africa creates problems that continue Division of Africa creates problems that continue
todaytoday Positive EffectsPositive Effects
Reduces local fightingReduces local fighting Sanitation improvesSanitation improves Hospitals and schools createdHospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growthTechnology brings economic growthhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJe1W_HIWmA
III. Europeans Claim III. Europeans Claim Muslim LandsMuslim Lands
The Ottoman Empire Loses PowerThe Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire begins to decline in 1566 Empire begins to decline in 1566
Death of Suleiman IDeath of Suleiman I Modernization movements are Modernization movements are
unsuccessfulunsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independenceGreece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman European Powers look to gain Ottoman
landslands
Downfall of the Ottoman Empire
Crimean War (1853)Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Crimean War –
Russia vs. Ottoman Russia vs. Ottoman EmpireEmpire Russia seeks Russia seeks
Ottoman landOttoman land Access to a warm-Access to a warm-
water portwater port Russia loses warRussia loses war
Ottomans are shown Ottomans are shown to be weak to be weak
Russia still is able to Russia still is able to take landtake land
Crimean WarCrimean War
First war to be covered by First war to be covered by newspapernewspaper
First to have army nurses (led by First to have army nurses (led by Florence Nightingale) Florence Nightingale)
Article from the ChristianArticle from the Christian
Weekly News February 5,Weekly News February 5,
18561856
Europeans Grab Europeans Grab TerritoryTerritory
England gains control of:England gains control of: India – natural resourcesIndia – natural resources Suez Canal – international trade Suez Canal – international trade Persia – oil and tobaccoPersia – oil and tobacco
Russia gains control of:Russia gains control of: Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian
OceanOcean Afghanistan – oil Afghanistan – oil
Egypt and the Suez CanalEgypt and the Suez Canal Muhammad, ruler of Egypt- started reforms in Muhammad, ruler of Egypt- started reforms in
government and economygovernment and economy Grandson IsmaGrandson Isma’’il continued modernizing by il continued modernizing by
supporting construction of Suez Canal- man supporting construction of Suez Canal- man made waterway connecting Red Sea to made waterway connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean Mediterranean
Built with French money and Egyptian laborBuilt with French money and Egyptian labor Opened in 1869 with big international Opened in 1869 with big international
celebrationcelebration Modernization too expensive, Egypt couldnModernization too expensive, Egypt couldn ’’t t
pay back loans to European bankerspay back loans to European bankers Britain insists on taking financial control of Britain insists on taking financial control of
canal and in 1882, British occupy Egyptcanal and in 1882, British occupy Egypt Considered Considered ““lifelinelifeline”” of the empire of the empire
The Suez Canal
IV. British Imperialism IV. British Imperialism in Indiain India
British Expand Control over British Expand Control over IndiaIndia East India CompanyEast India Company
Controls India thru economic Controls India thru economic imperialismimperialism
Company uses an army including Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as Indian soldiers known as ““sepoyssepoys””
India was seen as the most India was seen as the most important colonyimportant colony
Due to its production of raw materialsDue to its production of raw materials Known as the Known as the ““Jewel in the CrownJewel in the Crown””
Effects of British RuleEffects of British Rule
Impact of ColonialismImpact of Colonialism Railroads move cash crops and goods Railroads move cash crops and goods
fasterfaster British control political and economic British control political and economic
powerpower Cash crops resulted in loss of self-Cash crops resulted in loss of self-
sufficiency and caused faminesufficiency and caused famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism Indian culture is disrupted due to racism
and missionariesand missionaries Britain sought to Britain sought to ““modernizemodernize”” India India
The Sepoy RebellionThe Sepoy Rebellion
Indians RebelIndians Rebel Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to
religious reasons religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat Considered unclean by MuslimsConsidered unclean by Muslims
Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelledMany sepoys were jailed, others rebelled British put down the rebellionBritish put down the rebellion
ResultsResults Britain takes direct control of IndiaBritain takes direct control of India Increased distrust between Indians and BritishIncreased distrust between Indians and British
Nationalism in IndiaNationalism in India
Call for reformsCall for reforms India adopts modernization movementsIndia adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western waysMany Indians adopt western ways
Religious Issues RemainReligious Issues Remain Formation of the Indian National Congress Formation of the Indian National Congress
(1885)(1885) Called for independence from BritainCalled for independence from Britain
Formation of the Muslim League (1906)Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within
IndiaIndia
Imperialism in Southeast Imperialism in Southeast AsiaAsia
European Powers Invade the European Powers Invade the ““Pacific Pacific RimRim”” Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Lands of Southeast Asia that border the
Pacific OceanPacific Ocean Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and SingaporeBritain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
Why?Why? Land perfect for establishing trading and Land perfect for establishing trading and
military postsmilitary posts Excellent for plantation agricultureExcellent for plantation agriculture
Imperialism in Southeast Imperialism in Southeast Asia Asia
ResultsResults Modernization helps the European Modernization helps the European
businessesbusinesses Education, health, and sanitation Education, health, and sanitation
improvesimproves Millions migrate to find workMillions migrate to find work Racial and religious clashes increaseRacial and religious clashes increase
England’s Empire Grows
V. Imperialism in China and V. Imperialism in China and JapanJapan
China vs. The WestChina vs. The West China was self-sufficient – no need for tradeChina was self-sufficient – no need for trade China kept a favorable balance of tradeChina kept a favorable balance of trade Europeans were able to shift the balanceEuropeans were able to shift the balance
Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plantSale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. BritainOpium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Britain
China loses – signs Treaty of NanjingChina loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to
Chinese lawsChinese laws Chinese power over the West endsChinese power over the West ends
China vs. The WestChina vs. The West
Foreign Influence GrowsForeign Influence Grows Growing Spheres of InfluenceGrowing Spheres of Influence
A Surge in Chinese NationalismA Surge in Chinese Nationalism Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion
Poor peasants and workers who resented Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign privilegeforeign privilege
Beginnings of ReformBeginnings of Reform China tried to become more westernChina tried to become more western Further added to internal problemsFurther added to internal problems
Imperialism in China
Imperialism in JapanImperialism in Japan
Japan remained isolated from Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only western world for centuries – only traded mainly with Chinatraded mainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends JapaTreaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japa
nn ’’s isolations isolation Meiji Reform – Japan begins to Meiji Reform – Japan begins to
modernize beginning in 1867modernize beginning in 1867 Japan was competitive with the west in Japan was competitive with the west in
many modern industriesmany modern industries
Imperialism in JapanImperialism in Japan
Russo-Japanese War (1904)Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth
Japan gained Russian territoryJapan gained Russian territory Russia forced out of KoreaRussia forced out of Korea
Japan Controls KoreaJapan Controls Korea Takes control of the peninsula in 1910Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Begins a period of extreme oppression Begins a period of extreme oppression
THE END