Download - The Age Old Question
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The Age Old Question
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Which is the bigger problem?
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Which is the bigger problem?
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Will unchecked population growth destroy a country? – Take a look at these 3 cities
15,000
70,000
500,000
2,300,000
30,000
500,000
1,700,000
3,300,000
2.2 mil
6 mil
12 mil
25 mil
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Will unchecked population growth destroy a country? – Did these
places survive?
1750 15,000
1801 70,000
1861 500,000
1911 2,300,000
1850 30,000
1880 500,000
1900 1,700,000
1930 3,300,000
1975 2.2 mil
1990 6 mil
2005 12 mil
2025 25 mil
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Will unchecked population growth destroy a country? - or was it more
like thrive?
Manchester, England
1750 15,000
1801 70,000
1861 500,000
1911 2,300,000
Chicago
1850 30,000
1880 500,000
1900 1,700,000
1930 3,300,000
Dhaka, Bangladesh
1975 2,173,000
1990 6 mil
2005 12 mil
2025 25 mil
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Malthus
• 1798 – An Essay on the Principles of Population: warned the world’s population was increasing exponentially and food supplies were growing linearly
• Therefore, the population was outgrow food.
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Neo-Malthusians• Malthus was wrong – He did not account
for new farming techniques and food preservation.
• Neo-Malthusians believe – overpopulation is a problem which must be
addressed– Rapid population growth is a serous diversion
of scarce resources– Governments should sponsor programs to
reduce birth rates
• So Malthus is only sort-of wrong?
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Eugenics Population Policies
• Designed to favor one racial or cultural sector– Nazi Germany– United States of America – NC
• Was not about controlling the quantity of people, but the quality of people
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Cornucopians
• 1980s American Economists believe– Population growth is a stimulus to
development– Technology has increased the carrying
capacity
• Boserup Thesis – – Population increases necessitate
increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reduced yields
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Anti-Natalist vs Pro-Natalist
• Malthus & Neo-Malthusians
• Encourage family planning
• Overpopulation is a problem
• Cornucopians & Boserup
• Human ingenuity & technology will increase carrying capacity
• Overpopulation is not a problem
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Which is the bigger problem?
It depends on the country?
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Restrictive Policies
• Aka Anti-natalists – encourage family planning (birth control)
• China (starting 1971) • Bolivia• Vietnam• Ethiopia• Singapore• Malaysia• Bangladesh – TFR: 1981 – 6, 2000 – 2.9• Thailand – TFR: 1969 – 6.5, 2005 – 1.7
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Expansive Policies
• Also known as pro-natalists – encourage large families– Nazi Germany – Soviet Union– Mao’s China – Ceausescu’s Romania– People’s Republic of Albania – Bulgaria – Mongolia
• Some countries awarding medals for Mothers of 4, or 5, or 10, etc.
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Expansive Policies
• Russia – – Sept. 12 Conception Day in Ulyanovsk
Province
• Sweden – – 1980s – couples with small children received
tax incentives, job leaves, work flexibility for 8 years
– Early 1990s – mini baby boom– However, in mid-1990s the economy slowed
and so did the baby boom
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China
• Still growing at about 7 million a year
• But India is expected to pass China in 2025
• Population: both Greatest Asset and Liability
• Several of China’s demographic traits are similar to those of developed countries
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China Compared to the US Source: PRB, 2009
China US
• Total pop (mid-2009) 1,331.4 306.8• Density (pop/mi2) 360 83• Birth rate 12 14• Death rate 7 8• TFR 1.6 2.1• Infant mortality 21 6.6• Life expectancy m. 71, f. 75 m.75, f.80• % Urban 46 79• % of pop > 65 yrs 8 13• Per capita GNI ppp $6,020 $46,970
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West China
East China
Land 60% 40%
Climate Arid / semi-arid
humid
Population 80 mil
Many minorities sparse
94% mostly Han
dense
Cities Some Most
Agriculture Limited / oasis
most
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Pre-Policy
• Traditional culture values large families
• In the early 1950s under the rule of Mao Zedong birth control policies were condemned. Mao said that controlling the population was “a way of slaughtering the Chinese people without drawing blood.”
• “…[the people] are the most precious of all categories of capital.”
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Later, Longer, Fewer
• A campaign launched in 1971
• Delayed marriage/childbirth, spacing births at 5-year intervals, and fewer children per couple
• Contraceptives widely distributed, free of charge
• Require government permission to have children
• Family Planning Committees at all levels of governments– “Birth control nannies”– Intrusive questions
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“One Couple, One Child”
• Adopted in 1979• The harshest birth control policy in the world?• Couples are asked to pledge to having only one child
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Incentives
• Free prenatal care
• Many rewards (mainly to urban residents):
larger homes, larger salaries and promotions.
• Better, often free education for the only children.
• Paid maternity leave, 3-6 months, or longer
• The government generally pays for the birth control costs.
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Consequences of Violation
• The official sanction is a fine, but many times much more harsh actions are taken.
• Sometimes couples are demoted or fired from their jobs.
• Those having 2nd child cannot register them and therefore they do not legally exist.
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Many exceptions for second child have been introduced since 1984
Examples:
• Both members of the couple are only children
• First child is disabled
• For rural residents, if first child is a girl
• Remarried couples
• Minority couples
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The Changing Demographic Landscapes
• Decline in Fertility
• A Rapid Demographic Transition
• Aging
• A Skewed Sex Ratio
• Large-scale Internal Migration
esp. rural-urban migration
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Decline in Birth Rates
• TFR: 1971: 5.44 2009: 1.6• Below replacement level since 1992• Well below 1.0 in large cities (Beijing, Shanghai, etc.)
• Birth rate: 1970: 33.43‰ 2009: 12.13‰Natural growth: 1970: 25.83‰ 2009: 5.05‰
• Shanghai: negative growth 17 years in a row so far
• Significantly lowered pop growth• 1971-2009: 400 million fewer people were born
because of family planning ??
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Population aging
• % 65 yrs or older:– 2000: 6%– 2009: 8%
• Elderly growing at 3.2% each year
• May reach 10% at 2015, and 20% at 2035
• The median age is on pace to move from the current 32 years to 44 years by 2040.
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How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?
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Skewed Sex Ratio
• Currently at 119:100
• 3 Main Reasons:– Son preference– Use of prenatal sex-detecting technology– Declining fertility
• In 2020, 30-40 million more young men than women
• Social repercussions“Demographic time bomb”
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The “Care for Girls” ProgramLaunched in 2003
Changing Son Preference?
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Urbanization Level
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Iran: - Anti-natalist or pro-natalist ?
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1967 – first anti-natalist policy
1979 – pro-natalist
1988 – anti-natalist
2006 – pro-natalist ?
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Iran
• 1967: Start of family planning– Accelerating economic growth
• 1979: start of Islamic Revolution – promotion of contraception by
health officials banned – procreation to bolster the ranks of
“soldiers for Islam” (8 year war with Iraq)
Ayatollah Khomeini
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Khomeini’s pro-natalist policy resulted in a growth rate of 3.2 %
Total fertility rate rose to 7
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Iran• 1988: Khomeini reconsidered his stance due to:
– faltering economy– severe unemployment
– overcrowded & polluted cities • 1988 – 2001: national family planning program was
revived– encouraged women to wait 3 – 4 years between children– discouraged childbearing for those < 18 and > 35– limit family size to 3 children by restricting maternity leave– government controlled media promoted family planning– investment in literacy (between 1970 & 2001)
• males (48% – 84%) • females (25% - 70%)**
– Total fertility rate dropped < 3 (expected to be 2 by 2010)
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Iran
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Iran
• 2006• "It is said that two children is enough. I oppose
this,” President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told legislators.
• "Our country has a lot of capacities. It even has the capacity for 120 million people.“
• reduction in working hours for women to allow • for more child bearing & rearing
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Quebec - Pro-natalist
1950’s - one of the highest Fertility Rates in the developed world (Catholic & rural)
1987 - FR of 1.4 (1.7 Canada) & Quebec’s share of Canadian population was decreasing
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1st set of incentives
•$500 for each of 1st 2 children•$3000 for each subsequent child•child care facilities improved & expanded •tax free family allowance if 2 or more children•interest free housing loans (up to $7000)
1987
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1992
2nd set of incentives
•$500 for 1st child•$1000 for 2nd child•$6000 for each subsequent child•other benefits remained the same
1997
Program ended after 10 yrs. of minimal success
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Couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will get 1/2 their student loan paid off.
2003 election
Parti Quebecois’
platform involved population expansion
Bernard Landry
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Why do you think this offer was good for only 5 years after university ?
What group of people would be favoured by this policy ?
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Since the mid-1960s, Singapore's government has attempted to control the country's rate of population growth with a mixture of publicity, exhortation, and material incentives and disincentives
Singapore - anti-natalist & pro-natalist
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Singapore - anti-natalist & pro-natalist
1947 – 1957
GR = 4.4 % (doubling time = ? years)
various government & private programs
slowed until 1970’s
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1969 – 1972 population disincentives
• raise cost of 3rd and subsequent children
• civil servants received no paid maternity leave for 3rd +
• income tax deductions for 2 only
• maternity hospitals charged progressively more for each additional child
• enrollment to top primary schools went to children of pre – 40 sterilized parents
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•voluntary sterilization rewarded by seven days of paid sick leave and by priority in the allocation of such public goods as housing and education
•publicity campaigns: "Stop at Two" and arguing that large families threatened parents' present livelihood and future security.
•penalties affected poor more than rich
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The anti-natalist policies worked so well, now Singapore is promoting births again
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India
• 1950s: government began a modest family planning campaign– Hospitals made birth control available– Gov’t hoped increased industrialization would lead to
smaller families
• 1970s: more aggressive program– Gov’t believed growth rate was greatest obstacle to
economic growth– Questionable sterilization programs
• 1980s: increased the number of family planning programs
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India
• 1991: continued to have one of the fastest growing populations
• Contributing factors– Son preference– Marrying young– Centralized gov’t controls program, doesn’t
allow for regional differences– High infant mortality rate