The American JourneyA History of the United States, 7th Edition
By: Goldfield • Abbott • Anderson • Argersinger • Argersinger • Barney • Weir
Chapter
The Triumph and
Collapse of
Jeffersonian
Republicanism
1800-1824
9
The Triumph and Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism
1800-1824
Jefferson’s Presidency
Madison and the Coming of War
The War of 1812
The Era of Good Feelings
The Breakdown of Unity
Conclusion
Learning Objectives
Why was the expansion of the United States so important to
Jefferson?
What factors pushed Madison into a war with Britain?
What were the consequences of the War of 1812?
How did rising nationalism contribute to the spirit of the Era
of Good Feelings?
Learning Objectives (cont'd)
Why did slavery become such a divisive issue in the years
preceding the Missouri Compromise?
Jefferson’s Presidency
Reform at Home
Jefferson set the style and tone of his administration by his
unpretentious inauguration in Washington, D.C. and
eliminating the aristocratic practices of the Federalists.
Reform at Home (cont'd)
The Republican domestic policy was based on
retrenchment. Jefferson reduced the national debt from
$83 million in 1800 to $57 million in 1809 by cutting
government spending and taxes.
Jefferson replaced many Federalist Party officeholders with
Republicans and the Republican Congress repealed the
Judiciary Act of 1801.
Reform at Home (cont'd)
The Marbury v. Madison case established the power of the
Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of
legislation.
Marbury v. Madison: Supreme Court decision of 1803 that
created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as
unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
The Louisiana Purchase
The revolution in Haiti led Napoleon to sell the huge
Louisiana territory to the United States.
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United
States.
MAP 9–1 The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis
and Clark Expedition
Florida and Western Schemes
Jefferson’s failure to buy West Florida from Spain led to a
failed attempt to grab land from Spain in the lower
Mississippi Valley and possibly create a separate nation.
Embargo and a Crippled Presidency
The war between France and Spain embroiled the United
States in a dispute over neutral rights, blockades, ship
seizures, and imprisonment of American sailors.
A confrontation with the British at sea led to the Embargo
Act of 1807 that hurt nearly all American economic groups
except manufacturers.
Embargo and a Crippled Presidency (cont'd)
James Madison won the presidential election of 1808 but
the Federalist candidate received twice as many votes as
in 1804.
Impressment
The British policy of forcibly enlisting American sailors into the British
navy.
Embargo and a Crippled Presidency (cont'd)
Chesapeake Incident
Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the American ship
Chesapeake in American territorial waters that nearly provoked an
Anglo-American war.
Embargo Act of 1807
Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving
for any foreign port.
Madison and the Coming of War
The Failure of Economic Sanctions
The Nonintercourse Act that had replaced the Embargo Act
convinced Madison that Anglo-American relations would
improve.
A failed agreement between the United States and Britain
led Congress to pass Macon’s Bill No. 2.
The Frontier and Indian Resistance
The unceasing demand for land stimulated a pan-Indian
resistance movement led by Tecumseh and his brother
Tenkswatawa.
The Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 led Tecumseh to ally with
the British.
The Warhawks aggressively promoted war with Britain.
The Frontier and Indian Resistance(cont'd)
Pan-Indian resistance movement
Movement calling for the political and cultural unification of Indian tribes
in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Decision for War
Madison prepared for war by increasing the army from
10,000 to 35,000 men.
Madison sent a war message to Congress on June 1, 1812
and a divided Congress passed the resolution.
Federalists opposed the war.
Decision for War (cont’d)
Support for the war was strongest in regions whose
economies had been damaged most by the British
blockade and control of Atlantic commerce, namely the
South and the West.
War Hawks
Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and West, who
aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in
1810.
The War of 1812
Setbacks in Canada
Three offensives against Canada in 1812 failed and one led
to the loss of Detroit to the British. Most Canadians fought
against the Americans.
War setbacks and antiwar feelings hurt the Republicans and
Madison won a narrow victory in 1812.
Setbacks in Canada (cont'd)
War of 1812
War fought between the United States and Britain from June 1812 to
January 1815 largely over British restrictions on American shipping.
MAP 9–2 The War of 1812
MAP 9–2 (continued) The War of 1812
Western Victories and British Offensives
An American victory on Lake Erie led to British attacks at a
time when the American government was nearly bankrupt
and political dissent in New England was reaching a
climax.
Western Victories and British Offensives (cont’d)
Though the British torched Washington, D.C., their advance
was stopped at Baltimore and Americans won the battle
of Plattsburgh, turning the tide of the war.
Battle of Put-in-Bay
American naval victory on Lake Erie in September 1813 in the War of
1812 that denied the British strategic control over the Great Lakes.
Western Victories and British Offensives (cont’d)
Battle of Plattsburgh
American naval victory on Lake Champlain in September 1814 in the
War of 1812 that thwarted a British invasion from Canada.
The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans
The defeat of Napoleon led the British to sign the Treaty of
Ghent ending the War of 1812.
During the period when the treaty was to be ratified, Andrew
Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.
The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans
(cont’d)
Jackson’s victory ended any British hopes of establishing a
sphere of influence in Louisiana and sounded the death
knell for the Federalist Party.
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain
that ended the War of 1812.
The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans
(cont’d)
Battle of New Orleans
Decisive American War of 1812 victory over British troops in January
1815 that ended any British hopes of gaining control of the lower
Mississippi River Valley.
The Era of Good Feelings
The Era of Good Feelings
The expression “Era of Good Feelings” nicely captured the
spirit of political harmony and sectional unity that washed
over the republic in the postwar years.
Era of Good Feelings
The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the
Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly
nonpartisan harmony.
Economic Nationalism
The War of 1812 converted Republicans to the Federalist
doctrine of centralized national power.
Economic Nationalism (cont’d)
Madison supported an economic program pushed through
Congress by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun that
established the Second Bank of the United States and set
up the protective Tariff of 1816. But Madison vetoed an
internal improvements bill.
Economic Nationalism (cont’d)
Second Bank of the United States
A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory
powers over currency and credit.
Judicial Nationalism
In a series of cases, the Supreme Court led by John
Marshall established the principle that the Supreme Court
had final jurisdiction over matters of constitutional
interpretation and the sanctity of property rights.
Fletcher v. Peck
Supreme Court decision of 1810 that overturned a state law by ruling
that it violated a legal contract.
Judicial Nationalism (cont’d)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Supreme Court decision of 1819 that prohibited states from interfering
with the privileges granted to a private corporation.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court decision of 1819 upholding the constitutionality of the
Second Bank of the United States and the exercise of federal powers
within a state.
Toward a Continental Empire
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams negotiated several
treaties that influenced the future of the United States.
A new era of Anglo-American cooperation was opened with
the signing of the Rush-Bagot Agreement and the Anglo-
American Accords.
Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)
The Transcontinental Treaty with Spain ceded Florida to the
United States and established the boundary between the
Louisiana Territory and the Spanish southwest.
Rush–Bagot Agreement
Treaty of 1817 between the United States and Britain that effectively
demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships
each power could station on them.
Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)
Anglo–American Accords
Series of agreements reached in the British–American Convention of
1818 that fixed the western boundary between the United States and
Canada at the 49th parallel, allowed for the joint occupation of the
Oregon Country, and restored to Americans fishing rights off
Newfoundland.
Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)
Trans-Continental Treaty of 1819
Treaty between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded
Florida to the United States, surrendered all claims to the Pacific
Northwest, and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana
Purchase territory and the Spanish Southwest.
Monroe Doctrine
Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western
Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and
that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of
European nations.
MAP 9–3 The Missouri Compromise of 1820 and
Territorial Treaties with Britain and Spain, 1818–
1819
The Breakdown of Unity
The Panic of 1819
Americans enjoyed a wave of prosperity between 1815 and
1818 that fueled land speculation and credit amid rising
crop prices.
Reduced demand for cotton and food in Europe led to a
credit contraction that caused a sharp decline in
commodity prices and real estate values.
The Panic of 1819 (cont'd)
The Bank of the United States stopped all loans and called
in debts stimulating a depression that hit the West
hardest.
The Missouri Compromise
The dispute over the admission of Missouri as a slave state
increased northern resentment over the expansion of
slavery and southern dominance in national affairs.
The Missouri Compromise (cont'd)
The congressional stalemate was broken by a compromise
engineered by Henry Clay that admitted Missouri to the
Union as a slave state balanced by Maine’s admission as
a free state. Slavery was prohibited north of the southern
boundary of Missouri.
The Missouri Compromise (cont'd)
Missouri Compromise
Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the
Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited
slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory above 36º30’ north
latitude.
The Election of 1824
Four candidates vied for the presidency in 1824, William
Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and
Henry Clay.
Jackson won the most popular votes but none had an
electoral college majority.
The Election of 1824 (cont'd)
In the House of Representatives, Adams was elected when
Clay supported him. Jackson called the election a corrupt
bargain after Clay was named Secretary of State.
American System
The program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his
followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic
manufacturers from foreign competition.
MAP 9–4 The Election of 1824
Conclusion
Conclusion
In 1800, the Republicans were just testing their power while
the Federalists were in decline.
The Republicans became empire builders and paved the
way for the nation to evolve as a democratic republic.
In the mid-1820s, the Republicans fell victim to their own
success and changing conditions.