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The Apartheid Era in South Africa1948-1994World Studies
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Definition of Apartheid
•Afrikaans word meaning “apartness” or “separate”
•Name given to the system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948-1994.
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A Quick History of South Africa•Pre-1652: Black Africans such as the Khoi and
San live in SA. Other Bantu speakers move in later.
•1652: The Dutch (Netherlands) establish the Cape Colony (white Europeans)
•Early 1800’s: the British win control of the Cape Colony, push the Dutch aka Boers out.
•Boers and Africans fight, Boers and British fight as well (over gold, diamonds)
•1910: British create Union of South Africa, allow Boers (Afrikaners, white South Africans) to rule.
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Migrations
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The Western Cape aka Cape Colony
•Good climate for farming, especially, grapes!
•Ideal for ships to stop en route to Asia.
•Beautiful scenery•Best land in Africa
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Pre- 1948•Discrimination of black Africans began in
colonial times under British and Dutch rule.▫Blacks were given lowest paying jobs▫Blacks could only own land in certain areas
(8% of total land)•African National Congress (ANC) was
formed to organize blacks and resist oppression.
•Conditions for blacks worsened over time, including repealing voting rights.
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Election of 1948• The National Party came
to power▫ Afrikaners▫ Conservative, traditional
values▫ Belief that segregation
was “God’s Plan”
• Immediately, the National Party implemented laws that continued segregation.
• Daniel Francois Malan ->
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Early Laws•Mixed Marriages Act (1949)
▫Blacks and whites could not marry.•Population Registration Act (1950)
▫All South Africans assigned to one of 3 groups: White Colored (mixed race, inc. Asian) African (blacks)
•Group Areas Act (1950)▫Blacks and whites were separated
geographically.▫Whites controlled best land (86%)
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Other laws/ restrictions• Segregated…• Transportation• Government buildings• Entertainment• Schools
▫ Afrikaans▫ Only taught white history
• Sexual relations• Passbooks
• Sound familiar?
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Whites Only
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Passbooks• All blacks were required
to carry passbooks; whites did not have to do so.
• Blacks were restricted as to where they could travel within South Africa.
• Blacks could be arrested for not carrying their passbooks.
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Townships
•In cities, such as Johannesburg and Cape Town, non-whites were forced to leave their homes and live in townships.▫Cheaply built homes▫High population density▫No elec, running water, sewers▫On the edge of the city
•Today, areas of high poverty (slums)•Some notable townships: Soweto
(Joburg), Khayelitsha (CT), New Brighton (PE)
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TownshipsNear
Joburg
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Khayelitsha Township, Cape Town
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Township Road
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Soweto, population 1,271,000
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Poor Area in Soweto Township
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Bantustans• In 1959, 8 black homelands, or Bantustans,
were created throughout South Africa
• In theory, each of these homelands would be governed independently by blacks.
•The homelands were a “show” for the outside world….blacks experienced few rights and were further separated from the South African government.
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Opposition to ApartheidNon-violent means White reaction
•Mass protests•Letter writing•Burning passbooks•Civil disobedience•Boycotts•Refusal to work
•Based on teachings of Gandhi.
•The government responded with more laws, raids, jail, and in many cases violence.
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Sharpeville Massacre (March 21, 1960)•Sharpeville was a township near Joburg.•Close to 20,000 blacks gathered to
protest pass book laws.▫Most refused to carry passbook as an act of
protest.▫None were armed.
•Police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people, injuring 180.▫Included women and children▫Many were killed fleeing the scene
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Sharpeville
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Sharpeville
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Sharpeville
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Rivonia Trial (1963-64)• Leaders of the ANC,
including Nelson Mandela, were tried for acts of sabotage attempting to overthrow the Apartheid system.
• Most, including Mandela, were found guilty, and sentenced to life in prison.
• Robben Island Prison near Cape Town
• A major blow to the ANC
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Robben Island
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Mandela’s Cell
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Soweto Uprising (1976)• Students in Soweto (SOuth WEst TOwnship) of Jo-burg,
were mad that their schools lacked materials and good teachers.
• They also protested the policy of Afrikaans as one of the languages of instruction.▫ Angry that they had to learn the language of their
oppressors—spoken nowhere else in the world—in order to function in math, science, and history classes.
• On June 16th 1976 Soweto students staged a massive protest against Afrikaans instruction.▫ Armed response from the government.
• Riots and fighting lasted for months.▫ 176 were killed, with over 1000 injured. (600/2,500)
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Soweto Uprising
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Hector Pieterson