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The Articles of
Confederation
1777-1787
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During the American Revolution
• States organized their governments and
adopted their own state constitutions.
• But, Americans needed to establish their
own national government now that
they were no longer under British rule.
• Americans wanted the country to be a
republic. A republic is a government
with elected representatives.
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• The Articles of Confederation (a plan for
government) were sent to the states
(colonies) in 1777 for approval. These
articles were America’s first constitution.
• Ratification was delayed until 1781
because of western settlement disputes
amongst the states.
During the American Revolution
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• Leaders met to decide what this new plan
of government should look like, and in
their discussions, they had 8 very
important questions to answer…
During the American Revolution
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Question #1
Which level of government
should have the most power,
state or national? Why?
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• Most Americans favored a weak central
government and strong independent
states.
• Because…people were reluctant to
replace one powerful government with
another (fear of tyranny)
• Each state kept, “its sovereignty,
freedom, and independence”.
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Question #2
Which branches will be
included? Why?
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• The decided on a unicameral (one house)
legislature – just one lawmaking group.
• Because…they didn’t want a large national
government.
• This one branch legislature would be called
Congress.
• There would be NO executive, chief
executive, King, or President (again, fear of
tyranny).
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Question #3
How will states be represented
in the legislative branch? Why?
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• The Articles decided there would be
equal representation – each state gets
the same number of votes (1).
• Because…they wanted each state to
have equal power.
• States could determine how many
representatives they were able to
send.
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Question #4
How will representatives be
selected? Why?
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• They decided there would be indirect
elections, and representatives would
be chosen by state government
officials.
• Because…they didn’t trust the average
citizen to make the right choice.
• Most of the power was in the hands
of state officials.
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Question #5
How long will representatives
serve? Why?
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• They decided representatives would
serve one year terms.
• Because…they were trying to prevent
tyranny and corruption.
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Question #6
How will laws be passed? Why?
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• They decided that at least nine of the
13 states must approve a law for it to
be passed.
• Because…they believed that laws
would only be effective with strong
support from the states.
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Question #7
How will the government raise
money? Why?
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• They decided that they would ask the
states for money.
• Because…they didn’t want the
national government to have a lot of
power when it came to taxing – they
would rather rely on state support.
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Question #8
How will the national
government’s powers be
limited? Why?
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• They decided that the national
government’s powers would be
limited by state powers – the states
would be more powerful than the
national government.
• Because…they wanted to prioritize
state needs over national needs, and
again, they wanted to prevent
tyranny in the national government.
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In summary, the Articles of
Confederation called for:
• A limited central (national) government.
• One branch legislature called Congress.
• No executive, chief executive, king, or president.
• No national courts.
• All states would have equal representatives AND
one single vote.
• 9 states had to agree before a bill became law.
• All 13 states had to ratify the Articles (1781).
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According to the Articles, the national
government can/did:
• Create a plan of government – The
Articles of Confederation.
• Negotiate treaties especially the Treaty
of Paris of 1783; successfully ending the
American Revolution
• Declare war
Successes
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According to the Articles, the national
government can/did:
• Make peace
• Create new land policies
• Run the national postal office
• Conduct foreign relations with other
countries & Native Americans
Successes
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According to the Articles of Confederation, the
national government had almost no power. It
could NOT:
• regulate trade amongst the states;
• amend (change) the Articles unless all 13
states gave its consent;
• force citizens to join the army nor pay
for it;
• pass a law unless nine states voted for it;
Weaknesses
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According to the Articles of Confederation, the
national government had almost no power. It
could NOT:
collect taxes. They had to ask the states for
money to pay for the army and war debts;
and each state had their own currency -
confusing.
And…each state had one vote in Congress.
State population did not matter, although
larger, more populated states believed that
they should have more votes.
Weaknesses
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To Rewrite or Not to Rewrite? That
is the question…
•By 1786, chaos ensued. The economy was in
trouble, states were quarreling over boundary lines
& rebellions in Massachusetts (Shay’s Rebellion)
demonstrated the government’s inability to
maintain law & order.
• In 1787, Alexander Hamilton organized a meeting
of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. It was
time to make some changes to the Articles. It was at
this meeting that the delegates threw out the
Articles & developed the Constitution.