The Athenian Acropolis and the Classical Moment
The Archaic Acropolis in Athens in 481 BC
The Classical Acropolis in Athens in 400 BC
I. The making of a “Classical moment” in Periclean Athens (450-430 BC)
The Mycenaean-era Acropolis in Athens 1400 BC
1.2.
I. A. Historical context: What gave Athenians an unprecedented sense of confidence to venture beyond the designs of the Early Classical period?
leading Athens 461 to 429 BC
Pericles
480BC 450Early Classical Classical period
323
Temple of Hera II at Paestum
Temple of Zeus at Olympia
The Parthenon inAthens
The Erechtheion inAthens
Hellen-istic
3.
The Parthenon (Temple of Athena Parthenos), Athens, Greece, 447-432 BC
II. The Parthenon as masterwork of the Classical moment
west side (back)
The Classical Parthenon
II. A. Early Classical vs. Classical temple designs - – what are the characteristics of Classical design seen in the Parthenon?4.
Early Classical Temple of Hera II
The ClassicalParthenon
Early ClassicalTemple of Hera II
ArchaicTemple of Hera I
II. A.
The Classical Parthenon
II. A.
4.Early Classical Temple of Hera II
The Parthenon
II. A.
The Parthenon
II. A.
The Classical Moment 480-450 B.C.Pythagorean symmetria (Early Classical) numbers rule
The Parthenon
II. B. A revolution in Greek architectural theory gives rise to the Classical Parthenon
Temple of Hera II, Paestum
II. B. 1. How can we understand the intended effect of the optical adjustments on the viewing public?
compensation theory exaggeration theory tension theory
II. A. 2. What do the some of the optical adjustments signify in terms of the new emphasis on human experience?
The Parthenon
The Classical Parthenon
II. C. Other ways in which the Parthenon was a unique among Greek temples at the time
8.Early Classical Temple of Hera II
II. C. 1. How was the Parthenon a civic temple in Periclean Athens?
The pananthenaic procession to the Parthenon on the Arcopolis in Athens
II. C. 1.
The Parthenon: continuous frieze of Panathenaic procession around cella exterior
II. C. 2. What is the evidence that the Greeks were interested in producing a true interior space in the Parthenon?
The Classical ParthenonEarly Classical Temple of Hera II at Paestum
8.1.
The Parthenon, Athens Ephesos
Samos
II. C. 3. How were the Athenians making an imperialist statement to the Greek world?
continuous frieze
II. C. 3. a. How does the Ionic order differ from the Doric?
Archaic Ionic temples
Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, Turkey (formerly Ionia), 560-550 BC
Temple of Hera IV at Samos538-22 BC
II. C. 3. a.
The Parthenon: an Ionic frieze running along the cella and porch of this Doric temple
II. C. 3. b. What are some elements of the Ionic order in the Doric Parthenon?
Ionic Temple of Artemis Deep columned porch of the Doric Parthenon
II. C. 3. b. What are some elements of the Ionic order in the Doric Parthenon?
Named for Erechtheus, a legendary king of Athens
The Erechtheion, Athens, Greece, 421-406 B.C.; Kallikrates, arch.
III. The Erechtheion: How would a Classical architect design a temple on uneven topography in honor of pre-Classical mythical events?
west side east side
The Acropolis before Persian sack in 481 BC The Acropolis in Athens in 400 BC
III.
Temple of Athena Polias The Erechtheion
III.
Emerging from the Propylaia: a Democratic choice – optimal visual information
Erechtheion Parthenon
III. A. What non-traditional architectural ingenuity accommodated the Erechtheion’s pre-Classcial shrines on the: 1. west side?
Erechtheion West (garden shrines)
engaged column – ⅓, ½, or ¾ column attached to a wall
III. A. 1.
The Erechtheion, west elevation
The Erechtheion, north elevation
III. A. 2. north side
III. A. 2.
Erechtheion – inside the western chambers
The Erechtheion, north porch seen from east
III. A. 2.
The Erechtheion, east elevation
III. A. 3. the east side?
The Erechtheion, south elevation
V. A. 4. the south side?
The Erechtheion, caryatid porch
III. A. 4. What is a caryatid?
The Erechtheion, caryatid porch
III. A. 4.
The Erechtheion
III. B. The creative classical architect, Kallikrates’ designs solutions for the Erechtheion 1. What practical reasons may have led to the use of the Ionic order here?
east and north porch
III. B. 2. Why is the Doric order inherently problematic (the corner problem)?
columns evenly spaced → metope stretched by half a triglyph width
metopes equal in width → corner intercolumniation must be contracted
Archaic proportions → no problem
according to Greek architect Hermogenes (3rd cen. BC), Vitruvius’ most frequently cited source (Vitr., De arch. 4.3.2)
The Three Greek Classical OrdersInherent “defect” in the Doric order
III. B. 2.
The Erechtheion
Corner irregularities with the capital of the Ionic order as well
III. B. 3. Jewel-like ornateness in the Erechtheion’s Ionic order
The Erechtheion