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The Atomic AgeModern American History
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Political Effects• Espionage• The Arms Race• The Space Race• MAD & Second Strike Capability• Efforts to limit nuclear arms
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Espionage
• Alger Hiss – State Dept official accused of passing secrets to USSR (1948)
• Klaus Fuchs – physicist admits giving American nuclear secrets to the USSR (1950)
• Julius & Ethel Rosenberg (members of Communist Party) found guilty of passing nuclear secrets to USSR (1951) and executed (1953)
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The Arms Race
• Pres. Truman made the decision to keep the bomb from the USSR and not hand over to UN
• Once the Soviet Union developed bomb in 1949, US decides to make more powerful bomb…
• Leads to a nuclear arms race = each side seeks more powerful and efficient weapons and delivery systems
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The Space Race
• Soviets launch first satellite into orbit in 1957– Sputnik– Causes panic in U.S. gov’t
• US slightly behind USSR in ICBMs• “Missile gap” exaggerated by both sides• U-2 Spy planes over USSR show find few• Investments in math, science, technology,
NASA to explore/control space
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Sputnik
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Model ICBM Missile Site
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Nuclear Strategy• NSC-68 – Cold War required massive buildup of
conventional and nuclear weapons to deter USSR• Second Strike Capability• Mutual Assured Destruction• Strategic Triad = air, land, sea based nuclear missiles• SAC – Strategic Air Command– 1/3 planes up in air all the time, 1/3 on alert ready to go in
15 minutes, 1/3 in hangars• 1000 ICBMs in concrete silos• Polaris Missile – First SLBM
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Timeline 1945-1962
• 1945: US uses 2 atomic bombs against Japan• 1949: USSR tests first atomic bomb• 1952: US tests first hydrogen bomb (750x)• 1954: USSR tests first hydrogen bomb• 1957: USSR tests first ICBM; Sputnik launched• 1961: USSR puts first man in space• 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis almost sparks
nuclear war
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Arms Control & Reduction
• Nothing gained by using nuclear weapons• Result – constant preparedness, involvement
in “minor” escalations around globe• Attempts were made beginning in 1963 to
limit nuclear weapons testing• Arms treaties began in 1972 and reduction
began in 1991
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Timeline 1963-2010• 1963: Test Ban Treaty (ends above-ground testing)• 1968: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)– Non-nuclear states will not acquire– Nuclear states will work to disarm
• 1969: US lands first man on the moon – Neil Armstrong• 1972: Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT) and
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty– Limits certain nuclear warheads & defensive missiles– Countries continue to increase stockpiles with other kinds
of warheads and missiles• 1993, 2003, 2010: START treaties between US and
Russia to reduce deployed strategic warheads
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Combined Nuclear Stockpiles
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Stockpiles TodayUnited States Russia United
KingdomFrance
5113+ 4500+1000s 225 300China India Pakistan Israel240 100 90-110 75-200
Sources: U.S. State Dept. & Arms Control Association. Pub. Nov 2013
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Cultural Effects• Fear of attack and the end of the world• Civilian Defense• Fallout shelters • Pop Culture– Rock n’ Roll– Movies and Television– Fashion & Consumerism– Generation Gap
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Duck and
Cover
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Civil Defense
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Bomb Shelters
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The Atom Bomb & Rock N’ Roll• Bob Dylan 2007 Rolling Stone interview: “I know [the atom
bomb] gave rise to the music we were playing. If you look at all these early performers, they were atom-bomb-fueled. They were fast and furious, their songs were all on the edge. Music was never like that before… nobody was singing with that type of fire and destruction.”
• Buddy Holly – “Rave On”• Jerry Lee Lewis – “Great Balls of Fire”• Carl Perkins – “Blue Suede Shoes”• Elvis – “Shake, Rattle & Roll”• Chuck Berry - “Maybellene” & “Johnny B. Goode”• Little Richard - “Good Golly Miss Molly” & “Tutti Frutti”
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The Atom Bomb in Popular Culture• Songs such as “A Hard Rain’s Gonna Fall” (Bob
Dylan) “99 Luftballoons” (Nena) “1999” (Prince)• Movies such as Godzilla, Dr. Strangelove, Fail-
Safe, James Bond, War Games, Rambo, Red Dawn, Rocky IV, The Hunt for Red October
• People were encouraged to live for today and surround themselves with material comforts (as well as keep well stocked for emergencies)
• The newly designed bikini (1946) was named after the atomic test at the Bikini Atoll
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Cold War Generation Gap• The creation of the modern teenager– “A new model of youth: this product-hungry,
pleasure-seeking individual was the perfect person to inhabit the new psychology of a world that could be blown up at any moment.”
– "No longer could teacher, magistrate, politician, or even loving parent guide the young. Their membership of the H-bomb society automatically cancelled anything they might have to say on questions of right or wrong."
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The Teenage Consumer• For the first time, the
teenage years were recognized as an important and unique developmental stage between childhood and adulthood
• Comic books, pimple creams, soft drinks, music and films were all aimed at teenagers with money to spend
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Rebel Without a Cause (1955)• The story of a rebellious
teenager (James Dean) who arrives at a new high school, meets a girl, disobeys his parents, and defies the local school bullies was a groundbreaking attempt to portray the moral decay of American youth, critique parental style, and explore the differences and conflicts between generations.
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Video Links
• 99 Red Balloons• Duck and Cover• Nuclear Testing & Arms Race• Rebel Without a Cause