The Balance Changesin the late 1700s
• Qing enters long period of decline. End of Dynastic Cycle.
• The Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain.
China is Forced to Deal with the West
• Opium War
• Unequal Treaties
• Extraterritoriality
• Sphere of influence
• Open Door Policy
Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion was started by Hong Xiuchuan, a Christian convert who believed he was the younger
brother of Jesus.
Taiping Rebellion cont.
The Taiping was the the bloodiest peasant rebellion that ever took place in China.
Over 50 million people were killed.
Western troops help the Qing to crush the rebellion.
Boxer Rebellion
• Chinese resent foreigners
• Anti-foreign Chinese take action
• Fist of Righteous Harmony
• Secretly supported by Cixi
• Western troops on Chinese soil
Empress Dowager
• Prediction was that a woman of her clan would end the dynasty.
• Concubine
• Only wanted power
• Money to build a navy
• She built marble boat
• Led conservatives
Hundred Days of Reform
• Emperor Guang Xi supported the Hundred
Days of reform
• Update Civil Service
• Organize Western
Schools
• Promote economic
change
Russo-Japanese War
• Japan stuns the world• Defeats Russia• Earns place as a
power in the world
Revolution of 1911Sun Yatsen
• Led by Sun Yatsen
• Three People’s Principles– Unify China/get rid of foreigners– Democratic representative gov.– “livelihood” decent
living for all
Kuomintang
• Party founded by Sun Yatsen
• Also called Guomindang
• Also Nationalist Party
• Still on Taiwan today
Yuan Shikai
• Powerful general double crosses the Qing
• Cut deal with Sun
• Abdicate if he could be
president of republic
• Really wanted to be
emperor
• Weakens republic
Versailles
• Sun joins WW I to bring China’s problem to the world
• All foreigners must leave but Japanese
• May 4th 1919 protest
Versailles Treaty
Results of Versailles• Sun realizes needs a
strong military• Asks France, Great
Britain and USA for assistance
• Rejected by all three• Soviet Union willing to
help• In return Nationalists
let fledgling Communist Party become part of
Nationalist Party
Chiang Kai-shek
• Young army officer
• Sun and Chiang were brothers-in-law
• Went to Soviet Union for
military training
• After Sun died in 1925
Chiang took control of
Nationalist party
Mao Zedong
• Father was a wealthy peasant
• Emerged as leader of
Communist Party after
Long March• Led the party until
his death in 1976
Northern Expedition1926
• Chiang marches north to defeat warlords and unite China• Communists organize 2 million peasants to help• Display of strength frightens Chiang
Purge 1927
• Chiang moves against Communists
• Expelled from Kuomintang
• Thousands of Communists and supporters
killed
• Communists fled to
southeastern
countryside
Communists Build Support in southern countryside
• Win support of peasants• Treat fairly•Work side by side •Distribute food•Distribute land•Lowered taxes•Set up schools•Set up clinics•Government included others•Looked more democratic•Life improved for peasants in areas controlled by Communists
Long March 1934
• Chiang surrounds Communists bases• Communists break out of blockade• Walked 6000 miles• Took a year• 90,000 begin• 7,000 survived• Symbol to Communists
Japanese
• 1931 attack and take Manchuria
• 1934 Set up Manchukuo
• 1937 take coast of China
• Rape of Nanjing
• 1945 Japan surrenders
Civil War 1945-1949
• Nationalist Government
1. Did little to help the peasants 96% of pop.
2. Built factories, universities, banks
3. Had to be a Nationalist to serve in gov.
4. Land Law but not carried out
5. Corruption in army
6. Life of the peasants in Nationalist Territory
does not improve
Why Communists won the support of the peasants
• Communists made real improvement
• Communist armies highly disciplined
• 1949 Communists swept into Beijing set up People’s republic of China
• Regardless of aid from USA Chiang lost and fled to Taiwan and set up Nationalist
Government