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THE BASICS OF A C++ PROGRAM
EDP 4 / MATH 23TTH 5:45 –
7:15
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C++ TOKENS The smallest individual unit of a program written
in any language.
Three types Special symbols Word symbols Identifiers
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TYPE
OF
TOKENS
SPECIAL SYMBOLS
+ - * /
. ; ? ,
<= != == >=
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TYPE
OF
TOKENS
RESERVED WORDS (keywords)Keyword Meaning
include Specify the header file to be included by the preprocessor
using Specify the namespace in the header file where the identifiers are declared namespace
int Integer data type
return Return a value to where the current function is called
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TYPE
OF
TOKENS
IDENTIFIERS
Name Meaning
std Where cin and cout are declared in iostream header file
main Every C++ program must have a main()
cout A stream output object that can be used to display something on screen
These are all predefined identifiers from the standard library. But you can define your own identifiers.
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If a token is made of more than two characters, no spaces are allowed among these characters.
You are not allowed to use keywords for other purposes, e.g. naming your own variable int
A C++ identifiers can have letters, digits, and underscore (_) and cannot begin with a digit.
C++ is case-sensitive!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Use meaningful identifiers
C++ Tokens
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//basics.cpp//This is to show some basic elements of C++//The following two lines are preprocessor directives#include <iostream>using namespace std;
/*Here begins the main() function Every C++ program has a main() function*/int main() {
cout << "Hello world!\n\n"; //Every C++ statement ends //with a semicolonreturn 0;
} //The main() finishes here with this right curly bracket
SAMPLE PROGRAM
OUTPUT
Hello world!
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C++ Data Types• Computer uses different # of digits to
store different types of data
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C++ Data Types (Integral)
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C++ Data Types (Floating point)
Memory Range Significant digits
Precision
float 4 Bytes -3.4E+38 and 3.4E+38
6 or 7 Single
double 8 Bytes -1.7E+308 and 1.7E+308
15 Double
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+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modulus (remainder)
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
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*, /, And % have higher level of precedence
than + and –
No precedence within the same level
Parentheses have highest precedence
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
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INPUT (cin) STATEMENT
• Put data into variables from the standard input devices (keyboard in most cases)
• Syntaxcin >> variableOne >> variableTwo …;
• Variable must be declared first• #include <iostream>
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OUTPUT• Syntaxcout << expression or manipulator << …;
• Expression will be evaluated before printing
• Manipulator is used to format the output
• Escape sequences (try \7)
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Increment and Decrement Operators (Optional)
• ++ --
• These three statements are equivalent– count = count + 1;
– count++; //post-increment
– ++count; //pre-increment
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