The Basis of Cellular Inheritance
Chapter 9Part 1
Vocabulary Clarification
Human Karyotype
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES: carry the same genetic info, one copy is from Mom and one copy is from Dad
XX = Female
XY = Male
Diploid vs. Haploid
Diploid cells (2n) have 2 sets of chromosomes (almost all cells in the human body)
Haploid cells (n) have one set of chromosomes (gametes or sex cells)
The Cell Cycle
INTERPHASE
Phases of Mitosis: PROPHASE
Phases of Mitosis: METAPHASE
Phases of Mitosis: ANAPHASE
Phases of Mitosis: TELOPHASE
Regulating The Cell Cycle
• Cells complete the cell cycle at different paces; some cells don’t divide
(ex: neurons, cardiac muscle)
• Special proteins direct the sequence of events and serve as “checkpoints”
• When this “control system” malfunctions, cells reproduce at the wrong time and place leading to tumors
Tumors and Cancer
Benign Tumors
Abnormal mass of normal cells
Malignant Tumors
Masses of cancer cells
Cancer cells displace normal tissue
Cancer cells can metastasize or spread from their site of origin
Cancer Treatment
SURGERYRemove tumor from tissue
RADIATIONExpose dividing tumor cells
to high-energy radiation to disrupt division
CHEMOTHERAPYUse antimitotic drugs to
prevent spindle formation or function
SIDE EFFECTS• Damage reproductive
cell development (sterility)
• Damage intestinal cells (nausea)
• Damage hair follicle cells (hair loss)