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The battle against solid UFP-emissions from internal combustion engines without waiting for Euro VI
19th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles Zurich, June 28th – July 1st, 2015
Vahid Hosseini, Ph.D. Assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering at Sharif University of Technology Head of Tehran air quality control co., a subsidiary of Tehran Municipality Tehran, Iran
A presentation for FOCUS-Event
Cleaner Air for Megacities
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Real-life experience !
• My sincere apologies to 19th ETH nanoparticle conference organizers for not being able to present my talk on Tehran particle pollution.
• During last two weeks, I have suffered from a mild heart attack, diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease, two of my major coronary arteries were almost blocked, the leading cause has been identified as air pollution !!
• The very reason that we people are working hard to identify/measure/understand/calculate health risks/mitigate UFPs and in general air pollution has caused serious troubles for myself, and for many others like me.
• I am not alone in this city of 8.5 millions. Hundreds of people at young age rush to the emergency wards everyday in Tehran as we encounter high concentrations ( mass and number) of particles.
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Tehran Air Quality
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Tehran Air Quality
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Tehran Air Quality Data, obtained from monitoring stations
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A comparison of the last two Iranian calendar years
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PM10
PM2.5
Monthly concentrations of PM10 & PM2.5 during the year 1393 (21 March 2014 - 20 March 2015)
020406080
100120140160
Cons
. µg/
m3
Months
010203040506070
Cons
. µg/
m3
Months
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Daily Concentration of PM10 & PM2.5 in a sample air quality monitoring station in Tehran (March 2014- February 2015)
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Hourly average concentration of PM10 & PM2.5 in a selected air quality monitoring station (March 14-18, 2015)
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27/12/2014 28/12/2014 29/12/2014
Win
d Sp
eed
(m/s
)
PM10
, PM
2.5 (
µg/m
3 ) -
Tem
pera
ture
(°C)
Wind Speed PM10 PM2.5 Temperature
Elevated particulate matter concentrations due to the occurrence of the temperature inversion
AQI = 110 AQI = 152 AQI = 146
Stable atmospheric conditions
Temperature inversion
Increase Air
pollution
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27/12/2014 28/12/2014 29/12/2014
Win
d Sp
eed
(m/s
)
PM10
, PM
2.5 (
µg/m
3 ) -
Tem
pera
ture
(°C)
Wind Speed PM10 PM2.5 Temperature
Elevated particulate matter concentrations due to the occurrence of the temperature inversion
AQI = 110 AQI = 152 AQI = 146
Increasing levels of PM as a result of decreasing wind speed
& increasing atmospheric stability conditions
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27/12/2014 28/12/2014 29/12/2014
Win
d Sp
eed
(m/s
)
PM10
, PM
2.5 (
µg/m
3 ) -
Tem
pera
ture
(°C)
Wind Speed PM10 PM2.5 Temperature
Elevated particulate matter concentrations due to the occurrence of the temperature inversion
AQI = 110 AQI = 152 AQI = 146
Decreased levels of PM concentration & a slight increase in wind speed
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
-10 -5 0 5 10 15He
ight
(m)
Temp (°C)
Vertical profile of temperature (Lapse rate)
Dry adiabatic lapse rate
Maximum Mixing Depth
(1663 m) Upper layer
Temperature Inversion
AQI = 61 Healthy
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
Heig
ht (m
)
Temp (°C)
Vertical profile of temperature (Lapse rate)
Dry adiabatic lapse rate
Maximum Mixing Depth (723 m)
Surface layer Temperature
Inversion
AQI = 152 Unhealthy
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28/01/2015 29/01/2015 30/01/2016
Win
d sp
eed
(m/s
)
PM10
, PM
2.5 (
µg/m
3 ), R
elat
ive
hum
idity
(%)
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Relative humidity Wind speed PM10 PM2.5 Temperature
A slight decrease in PM concentrations - limited
amount of rainfall
Reduction in PM concentration due to
frequent rainfall
Continuous rainfall
AQI = 137 AQI = 124 AQI = 112
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Patrice counting Device: Matter Aerosol DiscMini
impactor size < 700 nm
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A Comparison of Diurnal Concentration of Nanoparticles Between Tehran, Zurich and Basel
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Daily particle number count in two traffic and urban stations, Winter 2015
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Averaged values of particle counts over all air quality monitoring stations , Winter 2015
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Source apportionment studies
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Study description • First source apportionment study in Tehran • Sampling site: Sharif University of Technology, Tehran • 24-hour PM2.5 samples collected on 47mm quartz and
Teflon filters every 6th day using BGI PQ200 sampler • Analysis by Prof. Shauer and his team at University of
Wisconsin-Madison • Chemical measurements:
• Elemental and organic carbon (ECOC) • Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) • Primary and secondary inorganic ions • Organic molecular marker compounds • Trace elements using ICP-MS
• Results: • Bulk composition of PM2.5 in Tehran • Source apportionment using chemical mass balance (CMB)
model
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0
4
8
12
16
Ug/m
3
0
2
4
6
Europe USA South America
China
OC
EC
Tehran
Tehran
Comparison with other cities
Mobile sources and VOCs
HDVs and heavy fuels
Athena - Amsterdam - Barcelona- Pittsburg -Los Angles -Mexico City- Shanghai
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Tehran Emission inventory
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Major traffic sources : gasoline carburetor vehicles
Carburetor 10%
Others 90%
Number
Carburetor 45%
Others 55%
Emission
Total number of gasoline LDVs
3, 379, 741
10% 0f LDV fleet emit 45% of total pollution !
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Contribution of mobile vs. stationary sources of PM
Mobile sources
62%
Stationary 38% (
mainly power
plants and …
PM: 9,550 Tonnes/Year
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Mobile source contrbutions
6000 Tonnes/year
2% 15%
1%
18%
26%
6%
32% Public buses
trucks
Other buses
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Tehran annual PM emission sources
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Concluding remarks
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• Tehran air particulate matter concentration has reached a very dangerous level and immediate actions are needed.
• Contribution of mobile sources to the particles is quite obvious.
• Black carbon (soot) fraction of particles are considerable. • Mega cities like Tehran cannot wait for Euro VI vehicles to
come, by then, thousands will be affected by UFPs. • Retrofit and new-fit with BATs are immediate solutions, this
mush be done with the current available fuel in the market.