Download - The Biology of the Mind
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Neuroscience and Behavior
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The Biology of the Mind
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How do they transmit information?
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What are neurons?
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Nerve cells◦Basic building
blocks of the body’s information processing system.
Made up of ◦Dendrites◦Axons
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Neurons
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Receive information
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Dendrites
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Transmit information to other ◦Neurons◦Muscles◦Glands
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Axon fibers
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Chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) bridge the gap
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Synapse (Synaptic gap)
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Enable communication between neurons
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Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters (similar to morphine)
Reduces pain◦E.g. Childbirth
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Endorphins
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What do these parts do?
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What are the parts of your nervous system?
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Central nervous system◦Brain and spinal column
Peripheral nervous system◦Links central nervous system
(spinal cord) to sense receptors, muscles and glands
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Nervous system
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Nervous system
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Sympathetic nervous system (Arousing)◦ Increases
heartbeat & blood pressure
Parasympathetic nervous system (Calming)
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Brain and spinal column Severed spinal cord E.g.◦Bill - No genital sensations, but
has an erection when stimulated.
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Central Nervous system
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Simple reflex pathway◦Knee-jerk reaction A headless warm body could do it
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Reflex
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Older Brain Structures
Brainstem the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull.
Responsible for automatic survival functions.
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Brain Stem
Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and
breathing.
Reticular Formation a nerve network in the
brainstem that plays an important role in
controlling arousal.
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Cerebellum Coordinates movements
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Cerebral cortex
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Cerebral cortex comparison Best distinguishes us from other
animals
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Association areas of cortex
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Phineas gage
Damage to frontal lobe
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Sensory & Motor cortex
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Visual & auditory cortex
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Reading out loud
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Hearing, Seeing,Speaking
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Corpus Callosum Transmits information from one
cerebral hemisphere to the other
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Internal brain Overview
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Amygdala
Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped
neural clusters linked to emotion of fear and
anger.
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus;
directs several maintenance activities
like eating, drinking body temperature, and
emotions. Helps govern the endocrine system via
the pituitary gland.
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Creating images of the brain’s activity
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Recording the brain’s activity
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) Brain waves - Recording electrical
activity
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◦ CT scan◦ PET scan◦ MRI scan
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Brain imaging techniques (creating images)
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Computed tomography
X-ray photographs
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CT Scan
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Magnetic fields and radio waves create images of the brain’s soft tissues.
Normal Schizophrenic
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MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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Positron emission tomography scan
Radioactive glucose
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PET Scan